Performance Qualifications for the Beam in a 10 MeV Electron Accelerator
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The URAL-15 accelerator is the first stage of a 30 MeV linear accelerator (the URAL-30), intended for use as an injector into the booster of the proton synchrotron of the Institute of High-Energy Physics. The basic parameters of the accelerator and the results of the first startup and adjustment experiments are reported. Accelerated protons with an energy of 15.9 MeV have been obtained. The maximum accelerated current is greater than 50 mA. The spectral width of the pulses is 1.2%. The normalized emittance is less than 0.3 mradxcm.
Proton Synchrotron
Booster (rocketry)
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The paper discusses the pilot studies of the experimental research on ICs SEE hardness under proton irradiation at the compact proton accelerator complex which was built by JSC "PROTOM", the medical center in Protvino (Moscow Region, Russia). The capacity and main technical characteristics, especially the operational energy range change from 60 up to 330 MeV, ensure the effective usage of the accelerator during IC radiation tests. The experimental data is in good agreement with the models and results of the tests at the other proton accelerators [1, 2].
Radiation hardening
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A proton beam is extracted from the 200-MeV linear accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory to investigate the efficacy of proton radiography in medical diagnosis. Fluence rates from 2 X 10(3) to 2 X 10(5) protons/cm2s over a 28-cm diameter field are obtained with a full width at half-maximum beam-energy spread of less than 3.61 MeV. The system is designed to radiography most parts of the human body, including the head, with high-speed screen-film as the imaging medium. Beam extraction and test results along with the medical implications of the beam quality are reported.
Industrial radiography
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Protons and heavy ions are considered to be ideal particles for use in external beam radiotherapy due to the superior properties of the dose distribution. While a photon (x-ray) beam delivers considerable dose to healthy tissues around the tumor, a proton beam that is delivered with sufficient energies has: a low entrance dose (the dose in front of the tumor); a high-dose region within the tumor, known as the Bragg peak; and, no exit dose beyond the tumor. Proton therapy is the next major step in advancing radiotherapy treatment. The purpose of this project was to adapt an existing radioisotope production cyclotron, a General Electric (GE) PETtrace, to enable radiobiological studies using proton beams. During routine use the PETtrace delivers 16.5 MeV protons to target with beam currents in the range of 10-100 µA resulting in dose rates in the order of kGy/s. To achieve the aim of the project the dose rate had to be reduced to the Gy/min range, without attenuating the proton energy below 5 MeV. This paper covers the design, construction and validation of the beam port.Monte Carlo simulations were performed, using GEANT4, SRIM and PACE4 to design the beam port and optimize its components. Once the beam port was fabricated, validation experiments were performed using EBT3 and HD-V2 Gafchromic™ films, and a Keithley 6485 picoampere meter.The external beam port was successfully modeled, designed and fabricated. By using a 0.25 mm thick gold foil and a brass pin-hole collimator the beam was spread from a narrow full beam diameter of 10 mm to a wide beam with a 5% flatness area in the center of the beam that had a diameter of ~20 mm. In using this system the dose rate was reduced from kGy/s to ~30 Gy/min.
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Purpose Radiotherapy plays an important role for the treatment of tumor diseases in two‐thirds of all cases, but it is limited by side effects in the surrounding healthy tissue. Proton minibeam radiotherapy (pMBRT) is a promising option to widen the therapeutic window for tumor control at reduced side effects. An accelerator concept based on an existing tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and a linac enables the focusing of 70 MeV protons to form minibeams with a size of only 0.1 mm for a preclinical small animal irradiation facility, while avoiding the cost of an RFQ injector. Methods The tandem accelerator provides a 16 MeV proton beam with a beam brightness of as averaged from 5 µs long pulses with a flat top current of 17 µA at 200 Hz repetition rate. Subsequently, the protons are accelerated to 70 MeV by a 3 GHz linear post‐accelerator consisting of two Side Coupled Drift Tube Linac (SCDTL) structures and four Coupled Cavity Linac (CCL) structures [design: AVO‐ADAM S.A (Geneva, Switzerland)]. A 3 GHz buncher and four magnetic quadrupole lenses are placed between the tandem and the post‐accelerator to maximize the transmission through the linac. A quadrupole triplet situated downstream of the linac structure focuses the protons into an area of (0.1 × 0.1) mm 2 . The beam dynamics of the facility is optimized using the particle optics code TRACE three‐dimensional (3D). Proton transmission through the facility is elaborated using the particle tracking code TRAVEL. Results A study about buncher amplitude and phase shift between buncher and linac is showing that 49% of all protons available from the tandem can be transported through the post‐accelerator. A mean beam current up to 19 nA is expected within an area of (0.1 × 0.1) mm 2 at the beam focus. Conclusion An extension of existing tandem accelerators by commercially available 3 GHz structures is able to deliver a proton minibeam that serves all requirements to obtain proton minibeams to perform preclinical minibeam irradiations as it would be the case for a complete commercial 3 GHz injector‐RFQ–linac combination. Due to the modularity of the linac structure, the irradiation facility can be extended to clinically relevant proton energies up to or above 200 MeV.
Radio-frequency quadrupole
Quadrupole magnet
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The Linear IFMIF (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility) Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is aiming at demonstrating the low energy section of a 40 MeV/125 mA IFMIF deuteron accelerator up to 9 MeV with a full beam current in cw operation. For such a high-power beam, the LIPAc injector is required to produce a 100 keV D+ beam with 140 mA and match it for injection into the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. The injector is designed by CEA-Saclay based on the high intensity light ion source (SILHI). In 2019, the commissioning of the RFQ to demonstrate the D+ beam acceleration at a low duty cycle (0.1%) was conducted. A nominal beam current of 125 mA D+ beam was accelerated up to 5 MeV through the RFQ successfully. The LIPAc injector fully satisfied the requirements for RFQ beam commissioning at the pulse mode.
Radio-frequency quadrupole
Duty cycle
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In the framework of the Italian TOP-IMPLART project (Regione Lazio), ENEA-Frascati, ISS and IFO are developing and constructing the first proton linear accelerator based on an actively scanned beam for tumor radiotherapy with final energy of 150 MeV. An important feature of this accelerator is modularity: an exploitable beam can be delivered at any stage of its construction, which allows for immediate characterization and virtually continuous improvement of its performance. Currently, a sequence of 3 GHz accelerating modules combined with a commercial injector operating at 425 MHz delivers protons up to 35 MeV. Several dosimetry systems were used to obtain preliminary characteristics of the 35-MeV beam in terms of stability and homogeneity. Short-term stability and homogeneity better than 3% and 2.6%, respectively, were demonstrated; for stability an improvement with respect to the respective value obtained for the previous 27 MeV beam.
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Electronic components must be tested to ensure reliable performance in high radiation environments such as Hi-Limu LHC and space. We propose a defocusing beam line to perform proton irradiation tests in Turkey. The Turkish Atomic Energy Authority SANAEM Proton Accelerator Facility was inaugurated in May 2012 for radioisotope production. The facility has also an R&D room for research purposes. The accelerator produces protons with 30 MeV kinetic energy and the beam current is variable between 10μA and 1.2mA. The beam kinetic energy is suitable for irradiation tests, however the beam current is high and therefore the flux must be lowered. We plan to build a defocusing beam line (DBL) in order to enlarge the beam size, reduce the flux to match the required specifications for the irradiation tests. Current design includes the beam transport and the final focusing magnets to blow up the beam. Scattering foils and a collimator is placed for the reduction of the beam flux. The DBL is designed to provide fluxes between 107p/cm2/s and 109p/cm2/s for performing irradiation tests in an area of 15.4cm×21.5cm. The facility will be the first irradiation facility of its kind in Turkey.
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The Proton Therapy Facility at TRIUMF is now in routine operation treating ocular tumours using 70 MeV protons extracted from the 500 MeV H/sup -/ cyclotron. This paper describes the proton beam line, treatment control and dosimetry systems which are designed to provide accurate treatment dose delivery. The reproducibility of the shape and range of the unmodulated Bragg peak for various operating conditions of the cyclotron is discussed along with the technique for producing a uniform modulated or spread-out Bragg peak. The patient positioning chair, which has six motorized degrees of freedom, the patient mask and bite-block, and the X-ray verification system ensure sub-millimeter positioning accuracy. Patient treatments are scheduled one week per month with the treatment dose of 50 proton-Gy delivered in four daily fractions.
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The Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) has the objective of verifying much of the technology (physics and engineering) required for producing high-brightness, high-current H{sup {minus}} beams. GTA commissioning is staged to verify the beam dynamics design of each major accelerator component as it is brought on-line. The commissioning stages are the 35 keV H{sup {minus}} injector, the 2.5 MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ), the Intertank Matching Section (IMS), the 3.2 MeV first 2{beta}{gamma} Drift Tube Linac (DTL-1) module, the 8.7 MeV 2{beta}{gamma} DTL (modules 1--5), and the 24 MeV GTA; all 10 DTL modules. Commissioning results from the IMS beam experiments will be presented.
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