Adjuvant Chemotherapy (AC) Use and Outcomes in Stage II Colon Cancer (CC) with vs. without Poor Prognostic Features
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Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Abstract Protein/subunit vaccines often require external adjuvants to induce protective immunity. Due to the safety concern of chemical adjuvants, physical adjuvants were recently explored to boost vaccination. Physical adjuvants use physical energies rather than chemicals to stimulate tissue stress and endogenous danger signal release to boost vaccination. Here we present the safety and potency of non-invasive radiofrequency treatment to boost intradermal vaccination in murine models. We show non-invasive radiofrequency can increase protein antigen-induced humoral and cellular immune responses with adjuvant effects comparable to widely used chemical adjuvants. Radiofrequency adjuvant can also safely boost pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccination with adjuvant effects comparable to MF59-like AddaVax adjuvant. We find radiofrequency adjuvant induces heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) release and activates MyD88 to mediate the adjuvant effects. Physical radiofrequency can potentially be a safe and potent adjuvant to augment protein/subunit vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses.
Humoral immunity
Cellular immunity
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) values in 529 patients treated in two consecutive adjuvant chemotherapy protocols were analyzed to determine if CEA values correlated with disease-free status or prognostic utility. CEA values were evaluated preoperatively, before chemotherapy, at the conclusion of chemotherapy, and during postchemotherapy followup. The sensitivity of CEA for predicting disease recurrence was low; however, any abnormal CEA at the conclusion of chemotherapy and during followup significantly correlated with reduced disease-free and overall survival. A CEA value greater than or equal to 20 ng/ml at the end of chemotherapy or during followup was highly specific and a strongly positive predictor for the presence of metastases. Abnormal CEA values before chemotherapy that became normal at the conclusion of chemotherapy were associated with a significantly reduced recurrence rate. An abnormal CEA value obtained before or after adjuvant chemotherapy is clinically useful and can provide prognostic information.
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
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Objective To explore the effect of sanchinoside R1 as an immunopotentiator of hepatitis A(HA) vaccine containing aluminium adjuvant as well as the feasibility of decreasing the aluminium content in vaccine.Methods Add the compound adjuvant consisting of aluminium hydroxide and sanchinoside R1,at various dosages,to hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen respectively.Inject i.m.mice with the prepared HA vaccines,determine the serum HAV-IgG every 4 weeks and compare with those of mice immunized by adjuvant-free vaccine and by the vaccine containing aluminium adjuvant.Results The HAV-IgG titers of mice in various test groups reached the peak values 12 weeks after immunization then decreased gradually.The IgG titer induced by vaccine containing compound adjuvant was significantly higher than that by adjuvant-free vaccine.The addition of sanchinoside R1 at a certain dosage enhanced the effect of adjuvant and prolonged the maintain time of antibody level.Conclusion The compound adjuvant consisting of aluminium hydroxide and sanchinoside R1 enhanced the immune effect of HA vaccine and decreased the dosage of aluminium adjuvant used.
Aluminium hydroxide
Immunopotentiator
Hepatitis B vaccine
Hepatitis A vaccine
Antibody titer
Dose
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Adjuvants are a critical component for vaccines, especially for a poorly immunogenic antigen, such as nicotine. However, the impact of adjuvant release rate from a vaccine formulation on its immunogenicity has not been well illustrated. In this study, we fabricated a series of hybrid-nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccines to study the impact of adjuvant release rate on their immunological efficacy. It was found that the nanovaccine with a medium or slow adjuvant release rate induced a significantly higher anti-nicotine antibody titer than that with a fast release rate. Furthermore, the medium and slow adjuvant release rates resulted in a significantly lower brain nicotine concentration than the fast release rate after nicotine challenge. All findings suggest that adjuvant release rate affects the immunological efficacy of nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccines, providing a potential strategy to rationally designing vaccine formulations against psychoactive drugs or even other antigens. The hybrid-nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine with an optimized adjuvant release rate can be a promising next-generation immunotherapeutic candidate against nicotine.
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Using the self-made Nano aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant,we immunized broilers with H5N1 vacine.As age increased,oil-adjuvant vaccine was absorbed,which left yellow traces.Nano adjuvant was absorbed quickly,and there were no yellow traces left.Alter 49 days,no inflammatory cells were observed in the nano adjuvant injected area except some around the blood capillarie.Inflammatory cells in the conventional aluminum group were also significantly reduced,while the oil group still had a lot of inflammatory cells observed in the injection area.Compared with oil adjuvant,nano adjuvant can reduce the side effects.
Vaccine adjuvant
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Electrostatic interactions and phosphate exchange are the most important mechanisms for the adsorption of antigens onto aluminum-containing adjuvant. But the immunogenicity of the final vaccine is not proportional to the amount and the adsorption strength of antigens onto aluminum-containing adjuvant. The stability of aluminum adjuvant would be decreased while it is stored in room temperature. However, it does not affect immune enhancement activity. Usually, aluminum adjuvant should avoid exposure to elevated temperature in long time, and buffer salts such as phosphate could be used to protect vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant. Now the new formulation of aluminum-adjuvanted vaccine dry powder can increase the stability of vaccines. This review describes recent studies on the interaction between aluminum adjuvant and antigens, the stability of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant and the development tendency of aluminum adjuvant.
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Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for osteosarcoma of the jaw (OSJ) remains controversial despite being a standardized treatment in osteosarcoma of the long bones. We present a case of a 22-year-old male with OSJ and performed a retrospective systemic review of previously published literatures of OSJ. We identified 27 articles: 7% recommended neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 22% recommended adjuvant chemotherapy, 19% recommended both neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy, 33% recommended against chemotherapy and 19% stated the role of chemotherapy is unknown. The lack of consensus regarding the use of chemotherapy in OSJ, despite its benefits, demonstrates the need to establish a standardized algorithm for OSJ.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Neoadjuvant Therapy
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Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Value (mathematics)
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Adjuvants have been of great interest to vaccine formulation as immune-stimulators. Prior to the recent research in the field of immune stimulation, conventional adjuvants utilized for aluminum-based vaccinations dominated the adjuvant market. However, these conventional adjuvants have demonstrated obvious defects, including poor protective efficiency and potential side effects, which hindered their widespread circulation. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) naturally exist in gram-negative bacteria and are capable of engaging innate and adaptive immunity and possess intrinsic adjuvant capacity. They have shown tremendous potential for adjuvant application and have recently been successfully applied in various vaccine platforms. Adjuvants could be highly effective with the introduction of OMVs, providing complete immunity and with the benefits of low toxicity; further, OMVs might also be designed as an advanced mucosal delivery vehicle for use as a vaccine carrier. In this review, we discuss adjuvant development, and provide an overview of novel OMV adjuvants and delivery vehicles. We also suggest future directions for adjuvant research. Overall, we believe that OMV adjuvants would find high value in vaccine formulation in the future.
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The adjuvant effects of CFNCpG on the humoral immune response of rabbits were investigated on the CFNCpG,Freund's complete adjuvant and aluminium hydroxide.An inactivated BVDV-1 was served as antigen.The neutralizing antibody titers were tested every 7 days after immunization to evaluate the immune adjuvant effects of CFNCpG on antigen of inactivated BVDV-1.The results showed that the antibody titer was 4.4(log_2SN_)(50))7 days and more than 7.0 14 days after CFNCpG was used as adjuvant alone. When CFNCpG combined with aluminium hydroxide was used as adjuvants,the antibody titer was higher than 7.0 after 21 days which was equal to the adjuvant effects of Freund's complete adjuvant.The CFNCpG is a useful adjuvant component in BVDV-1 inactivated vaccine in further research.
Antibody titer
Aluminium hydroxide
Antibody response
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