Static analysis of functionally graded composite beams curved in elevation using higher order shear and normal deformation theory
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Virtual work
Many authors agree that preliminary traction prior to closed or open reduction for congenital dislocation of the hip is helpful. Different ways of traction have been used and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the problems in the very young child is the difficulty in maintaining a suitable traction that is biomechanically effective. We found that using a rocker bed made the traction more "user friendly" for the child, the parent and the doctors.
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In this paper,the principle of virtual work is derived done a systematic overview of the concepts introduced by the reactive mass of the particle and virtual displacement principle,and then come rigid principle of virtual work,derived deformation of the final principle of virtual work,to popularize the wide application of the principle of the virtual work.
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Shear force
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The virtual work method is a powerful tool for conversely building the mechanical model. The principle of virtual work comes out as a good candidate to answering the “Cur-question” as it may be seen that, in its generalized form, it can be established for any available mechanical model. Together with the principle, the virtual work method is generalized into an operative method for mechanical modeling in the many and various geometrical circumstances encountered in practice. This chapter introduces the concepts of virtual velocities, virtual motions and virtual rate of work. The virtual rates of work by external forces, internal forces and quantities of acceleration in the system are expressed by means of continuous linear forms on the vector space of virtual motions. The chapter then considers the case of a system S, which is in the state of equilibrium in a Galilean reference frame.
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The feint of approximate treatment and confusion of conception in conventional principle of virtual work, in which assumption of small was introduced and first derivative of deflection was neglected and curvature was represented by second derivative, were disclosed by a typical example structure in this paper. It was demonstrated that principle of virtual work was essentially an identical mathematics equation with no any approximation, but each item in equation was endowed special physical meaning of virtual work by defining patterns of forces and displacements. The conception of virtual work was modified by defining tangent of a rotating angle of a cross-section as rotational and explaining relationship of forces and displacements as forces not dragging along displacements. It therefore clarifies confusion that virtual work principle is approximate and just suitable for situation of small displacement, and makes virtual work principle can put away the assumption of small displacement and can be applied to situation of large displacement.
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Multipolar traction is a recent advance in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to expose the submucosal field [1] particularly for challenging lesions like residual lesions [2]. Nevertheless, two limitations exist with four-point traction. First, traction tends to reduce as ESD progresses, although new devices that can be stretched during the procedure to increase traction seem promising [3] [4]. Second, systematically placing four traction points is expensive (four clips), time-consuming, and not needed for lesions < 4 cm. For small lesions, two-point adaptive traction seems sufficient, but additional focal traction on the difficult area could help the physician.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection
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