Graphene oxide assists polyvinylidene fluoride scaffold to reconstruct electrical microenvironment of bone tissue
Cijun ShuaiZichao ZengYouwen YangFangwei QiShuping PengWenjing YangChongxian HeGuoyong WangGuowen Qian
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Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), as a typical piezoelectric polymer, has a great potential in reconstructing the electrical microenvironment of bone tissue. In present study, graphene oxide (GO) was introduced into PVDF scaffold manufactured via selective laser sintering, aiming to enhance piezoelectric effect of PVDF by increasing β phase content. In detail, the oxygen-containing functional groups of GO could form strong hydrogen bonding with fluorine groups of PVDF. The interaction would force the fluorine groups to be arranged in parallel and perpendicular to the polymer chain, thereby inducing the transformation from α phase to β phase. Results demonstrated that the PVDF/0.3GO scaffold with improved β phase exhibited the maximal output voltage (~8.2 V) and current (~101.6 nA), which were improved by 82.2% and 68.2%, respectively, in comparison with pure PVDF. In vitro cell culture confirmed that enhanced electrical charges could significantly improve cell behavior. Moreover, the scaffold presented a 97.9% increase in compressive strength and 24.5% increase in tensile strength, which was attributed to GO reinforcements forming strong interaction with PVDF chains. These positive results suggested that the scaffold might have possible application in bone tissue engineering.Keywords:
Polyvinylidene fluoride
Bone tissue
Bone tissue
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전기방사기법을 통해 형성된 전기방사 필름은 단위부피당 높은 비표면적을 갖는 구조적인 특징과 더불어, 기계적, 전기적, 광학적 특성을 향상시키기 위한 금속 및 세라믹 나노입자의 첨가가 용이하기 때문에 액체 및 기체 필터, 약물전달, 전지분리막과 같은 다양한 분야에서 응용된다. 본 연구에서는 내화학성 특징을 갖는 polyvinylidene fluoride를 기반으로 하여 흡습 특성이 있는 zeolite가 첨가된 전기방사 필름의 수분 흡수 특성을 분석한다. Zeolite가 첨가된 전기방사 polyvinylidene fluoride 필름은 zeolite의 모세관 현상에 의해 수분 흡착이 발생하고, 연쇄적으로 필름의 다공성 구조 내부로 수분이 침투하는 현상이 나타난다. Zeolite가 포함된 전기방사 polyvinylidene fluoride 필름은 흡습 과정에서 형상 변화 없이 단위 질량 대비 4.2배의 수분 흡수 특성을 보인다.
Polyvinylidene fluoride
Electrospinning
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Large segmental bone defects represent a clinical challenge for which current treatment procedures have many drawbacks. 3D-printed scaffolds may help to support healing, but their design process relies mainly on trial and error due to a lack of understanding of which scaffold features support bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate whether existing mechano-biological rules of bone regeneration can also explain scaffold-supported bone defect healing. In addition, we examined the distinct roles of bone grafting and scaffold structure on the regeneration process. To that end, scaffold-surface guided migration and tissue deposition as well as bone graft stimulatory effects were included in an in silico model and predictions were compared to in vivo data. We found graft osteoconductive properties and scaffold-surface guided extracellular matrix deposition to be essential features driving bone defect filling in a 3D-printed honeycomb titanium structure. This knowledge paves the way for the design of more effective 3D scaffold structures and their pre-clinical optimization, prior to their application in scaffold-based bone defect regeneration.
Bone tissue
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Gelatin
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It has been well known that flexoelectricity can be exploited to generate an analogous piezoelectric response in non-piezoelectric materials. For the direct flexoelectric effect, the induced electric polarization is linearly proportional to the applied strain gradient. Therefore, it is logical to expect that such a piezoelectric response would be enhanced in the materials with reduced dimensions. In this paper, we will report our experimental observation of such a gradient scaling phenomenon of piezoelectricity in non-piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) films.
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Shape memory polymer (SMP) is a class of polymer with properties of non-toxic, environmentally friendly and biocompatibility. It can be activated by an external stimulus to change and subsequently recover its original shape. Duo to its biodegradability, easy forming properties and shape memory effect, shape memory polymer has been widely used in bio-medical applications. This paper details an application of SMP on porous bone tissue scaffold. Compared with traditional bone tissue scaffold, the scaffold based on SMP possesses advantages of low cost, easy assembly and easy adjustment. And most importantly, the bone tissue scaffold based on SMP can adapt to keep the best fixed state. Besides, bone tissue scaffold is designed based on the biological structure, which characteristics of high porosity and high specific surface area will promote the growth of new bone tissue. Combining with 4D printing, it can realize customization. Bone tissue scaffold based on SMP exhibit excellent performance and prove to be a potential application in bone tissue engineering.
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This paper summarizes the characteristics of Polyvinylidene fluoride,and according to its force-voltage temperature-voltage and dynamic response relationships,the paper reviews the new developments of Polyvinylidene fluoride.And then discusses the deferences in making and relative merits between Polyvinylidene fluoride and piezoelectric ceramic.In the end,the application prospective of Polyvinylidene fluoride is introduced.
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The number of patients with bone defects caused by various bone diseases is increasing yearly in the aging population, and people are paying increasing attention to bone tissue engineering research. Currently, the application of bone tissue engineering mainly focuses on promoting fracture healing by carrying cytokines. However, cytokines implanted into the body easily cause an immune response, and the cost is high; therefore, the clinical treatment effect is not outstanding. In recent years, some scholars have proposed the concept of tissue-induced biomaterials that can induce bone regeneration through a scaffold structure without adding cytokines. By optimizing the scaffold structure, the performance of tissue-engineered bone scaffolds is improved and the osteogenesis effect is promoted, which provides ideas for the design and improvement of tissue-engineered bones in the future. In this study, the current understanding of the bone tissue structure is summarized through the discussion of current bone tissue engineering, and the current research on micro-nano bionic structure scaffolds and their osteogenesis mechanism is analyzed and discussed.
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Supercapacitors store charge by adsorbing electrolyte ions; therefore, porous activated carbon with a large surface area is required to achieve a high capacitance. Porous carbon can be easily produced from polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) precursors, which contain a carbon backbone and attached heteroatoms. The release of the heteroatoms during pyrolysis produces the porous carbon structure. This study explored the activation of both precursors using various chemical agents (ZnO, Mg(OH)2, and KOH) to develop pyrolyzed carbon with multiple micropores and mesopores. The activation process and relevant precursors were studied to implement the synthesized porous carbon as an electrode in supercapacitors. During the activation of PVDC-resin, ZnO served both as templates and chemical activating agents, while Mg(OH)2 served only as a template, and KOH served as a chemical activating agent. For the activation of PVDF, ZnO acted as a template and chemical activating agent, whereas Mg(OH)2 and KOH impeded activation owing to side reactions. Therefore, with using above chemical agents, PVDC-resin was converted to a carbon with higher surface area than that of the PVDF precursor. The porous carbon produced using PVDC-resin combined with KOH as activation agent had the highest specific capacitance (137 F g−1) owing to the successful creation of micropores and mesopores. Moreover, it exhibits an outstanding rate performance of 79% based on the cyclic voltammetry analysis at 50 mV s−1 (versus 5 mV s−1). This study demonstrates the best conditions for synthesizing porous carbon using polymer precursors and chemical agents for application in supercapacitors.
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