Digestate management for high-solid anaerobic digestion of organic wastes: A review
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Through anaerobic digestion, raw biogas is produced. This contains significant amounts of energy-containing methane, but the proportion is much lower than natural gas. In order to allow biogas to be used in specific systems, the raw biogas must be cleaned of impurities, and in some cases upgraded to bio-methane (a renewable natural gas equivalent). In addition, the digest produced from anaerobic digestion, although energy-depleted, has high levels of nutrients that can be beneficially used as a fertiliser. In order to use digestate as a fertiliser, a variety of treatments may be required to prevent hazards. In this chapter, the cleaning of the digestate and raw biogas produced in anaerobic digestion are outlined and discussed.
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In this research, biochar (BC) made from the brewer’s spent grain at temperatures of 300, 450, and 600 °C was produced and subjected to the anaerobic digestion of the brewer’s spent grain. BC shares of 2, 5, 10, and 50% concerning total solids of the substrate were tested at three substrate-to-inoculum ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0, respectively. The anaerobic digestion process was performed at 37 °C and took 30 days. For anaerobic digestion, biomethane production was recorded and used for kinetics parameter determination according to the first-order model. After the process, process residues (digestate) were analyzed for fertilizing potential. The biomethane yield differs from 264 to 325 mL×g vs −1 , while kinetics parameters were 292.7–344.7 mL×g vs −1 , 0.08–0.11 d −1 , and 24–42.5 mL×(g vs ×d) −1 , for y max , k , and r , respectively. The main factors affecting biomethane production were substrate-to-inoculum ratio and BC share. No specific effect between BC types on biomethane yield was found. An increase in BC share from 2% to 50% concerning specific SIR results in biomethane production improvement in the range of 1.8% to 10%. The main factors affecting the quality of digestate (nutrients) were the quality of the used inoculum and the quantity of the used substrate. The research results were complex and showed that the final effect of BC supplementation depends not only on BC properties, but also on process operational parameters and the quality of the used feedstock.
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High-solids anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste often shows inefficient biomethane recovery due to mass transfer limitations. Consequently, this study presents a two-stage anaerobic digestion process combining high-solids anaerobic digestion followed by ultrasonication of digestate and wet-type anaerobic digestion for effective biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The high-solids anaerobic digestion yielded methane production of 210 L CH4/kg volatile solids (VS). The digestate from the high-solids anaerobic digestion process was ultrasonicated at three different specific energy inputs (1000, 2500, and 5000 kJ/kg total solids (TS)). The increases in the soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) concentrations (8%–32%) and volatile solids (VS) removal efficiencies (3.5%–10%) at different specific energy inputs were linearly correlated (R2 = 0.9356). Thus, ultrasonication led to the solubilization of particulate organics and released soluble organic matters. All ultrasonicated digestate samples showed significantly higher biomethane yields than that observed for the untreated digestate samples. The highest methane yield of 132 L CH4/kg VS was observed for a specific energy input of 5000 kJ/kg TS, which was 1.94 times higher than the control (68 L CH4/kg VS). Although specific energy inputs of 1000 kJ/kg TS and 2500 kJ/kg TS showed comparable methane yields (113–114 L CH4/kg VS), they were ~1.67 times higher than the control. Overall, our results suggest that an integrated system of high-solids and wet-type anaerobic digestion with pre-ultrasonication of digestate has the potential to provide a technically viable solution to enhance biomethane recovery from the organic fraction of municipal solid waste.
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The study discussed the use of phosphogypsum by-product waste in anaerobic digestion processes. Besides the production of biogas from plant substrate with the addition of phosphogypsum, the focus was placed on the enrichment of digestate with phosphogypsum as a mineral additive to increase the concentration of valuable macro-and microelements. The component composition of the obtained digestates was analyzed, and opportunities for additional research were determined. Research on the use of mineral additives in anaerobic digestion is considered promising. Phosphogypsum favors the quality of digestate as an organic mineral fertilizer with a higher content of mineral components. Furthermore, the contribution of phosphogypsum to plant substrate to achieve higher biogas production is not apparent, but with an impact on the component composition of biogas; however, there is an opportunity to consider the potential benefits of using the additive with another type of substrate waste for the anaerobic digestion process.
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Through anaerobic digestion, raw biogas is produced. This contains significant amounts of energy-containing methane, but the proportion is much lower than natural gas. In order to allow biogas to be used in specific systems, the raw biogas must be cleaned of impurities, and in some cases upgraded to bio-methane (a renewable natural gas equivalent). In addition, the digest produced from anaerobic digestion, although energy-depleted, has high levels of nutrients that can be beneficially used as a fertiliser. In order to use digestate as a fertiliser, a variety of treatments may be required to prevent hazards. In this chapter, the cleaning of the digestate and raw biogas produced in anaerobic digestion are outlined and discussed.
Digestate
Biogas
Renewable natural gas
Digestion
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