[Safety and efficacy of regional citrate anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement therapy in the presence of acute kidney injury after hepatectomy].
Chun ZhangTing LinJingyao ZhangHuan LiangYing DiNa LiJie GaoWenjing WangSinan LiuZheng WangHongli JiangChang Liu
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To evaluate the clinical effect and safety of regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for acute kidney injury (AKI) after hepatectomy.A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of all patients with AKI after hepatectomy for CRRT admitted to surgical intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 19th, 2013 to January 19th, 2018 was performed. According to the different anticoagulants, the patients were divided into no anticoagulant group (NA group), low molecular heparin anticoagulation (LMHA) group and RCA group. The general data of patients during the perioperative period; renal function, the internal environment, electrolyte and blood coagulation function before and after CRRT; the filter time, the number of filters and adverse events (bleeding, frequent filter blood coagulation, metabolic alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, hypocalcemia, citrate accumulation, etc.) during CRRT were collected. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to analyze the life span of the first filter during different anticoagulation.A total of 67 cases were included in this study, including 11 in the NA group, 25 in the LMHA group and 31 in the RCA group. There was no significant difference in gender, age, underlying disease, etiology (tumor), Child-Pugh stage (A or B), CT angiography (CTA), basic renal function [serum creatinine (SCr), cystatin C (Cys C)], the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) stage; surgical approach; intraoperative bleeding volume, blood transfusion, blood pressure, time of duration of low blood pressure; and postoperative circulatory failure, hepatic insufficiency and sepsis among three groups. However, the length of ICU stay in RCA group was significantly less than the LMHA group and NA group (days: 8.16±2.24 vs. 10.48±5.11, 13.29±6.64, both P < 0.05). Compared with before CRRT, the levels of SCr, Cys C and Lac were significantly decreased in RCA group and LMHA group after CRRT [SCr (μmol/L): 89.02±21.90 vs. 248.30±55.32, 105.10±49.00 vs. 270.10±156.00; Cys C (mg/L): 2.18±0.95 vs. 2.94±1.26, 2.26±0.76 vs. 3.07±0.90; Lac (mmol/L): 2.21±1.46 vs. 3.62±1.73, 2.37±1.24 vs. 4.03±1.69, all P < 0.05]; in addition, LMHA group and NA group had significant effects on hemoglobin (Hb), platelet count (PLT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) after CRRT [Hb (g/L): 85.4±5.1 vs. 99.6±23.6, 80.0±7.6 vs. 101.4±7.8; PLT (×109/L): 27.60±8.22 vs. 62.04±16.49, 21.36±3.91 vs. 61.45±17.69; APTT (s): 63.07±10.25 vs. 41.52±3.65, 49.56±5.77 vs. 41.09±3.45, all P < 0.05]; at the same time, Cys C level and prothrombin time (PT) in the NA group after CRRT treatment were significantly increased compared with the others [Cys C (mg/L): 3.59±0.64 vs. 2.29±0.51, PT (s): 26.41±2.43 vs. 23.64±1.92 , both P < 0.05]. Finally, the time of filters (hours: 60.52±8.82, 31.04±7.03, 13.73±6.26, F = 183.412, P < 0.001) and the number of filter during treatment (number: 2.03±0.60, 3.12±0.73, 4.64±1.29, F = 45.933, P < 0.001) in the RCA group, LMHA group and NA group had statistically significant difference. Meanwhile, the incidence of adverse events such as bleeding (0 vs. 4, 7, χ 2 = 23.961, P < 0.001) and frequent filter coagulation (1 vs. 10, 11, χ 2 = 35.413, P < 0.001) in RCA group was significantly lower than that in LMHA group and NA group. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the life time of the first filter in RCA group was significantly longer than that in LMHA group and NA group (χ2 = 139.45, P < 0.05).The application of RCA in patients with AKI after hepatectomy during CRRT is safe and effective, which can significantly prolong the life of the filter and reduce the risk of bleeding.Keywords:
Renal replacement therapy
Liver function
Prothrombin time
Postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI) is a leading cause of short- and long-term morbidity and mortality, as well as progression to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to explore the physicians' attitude toward the use of perioperative serum creatinine (sCr) for the identification of patients at risk for PO-AKI and long-term CKD. We also evaluated the incidence and risk factors associated with PO-AKI and renal function deterioration in patients undergoing major surgery for malignant disease.Adult oncological patients who underwent major abdominal surgery from November 2016 to February 2017 were considered for this single-centre, observational retrospective study. Routinely available sCr values were used to define AKI in the first three postoperative days. Long-term kidney dysfunction (LT-KDys) was defined as a reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate by more than 10 ml/min/m2 at 12 months postoperatively. A questionnaire was administered to 125 physicians caring for the enrolled patients to collect information on local attitudes regarding the use of sCr perioperatively and its relationship with PO-AKI.A total of 423 patients were observed. sCr was not available in 59 patients (13.9%); the remaining 364 (86.1%) had at least one sCr value measured to allow for detection of postoperative kidney impairment. Among these, PO-AKI was diagnosed in 8.2% of cases. Of the 334 patients who had a sCr result available at 12-month follow-up, 56 (16.8%) developed LT-KDys. Data on long-term kidney function were not available for 21% of patients. Interestingly, 33 of 423 patients (7.8%) did not have a sCr result available in the immediate postoperative period or long term. All the physicians who participated in the survey (83 out of 125) recognised that postoperative assessment of sCr is required after major oncological abdominal surgery, particularly in those patients at high risk for PO-AKI and LT-KDys.PO-AKI after major surgery for malignant disease is common, but clinical practice of measuring sCr is variable. As a result, the exact incidence of PO-AKI and long-term renal prognosis are unclear, including in high-risk patients.ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04341974 .
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ObjectiveTo explore the effects of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on renal function and toxin clearance in patients with sepsis and concurrent acute kidney injury (AKI).MethodA retrospective analysis was performed using the medical records of 115 patients with sepsis and AKI. Among them, 60 patients received routine treatment (group A) and 55 patients received CRRT plus routine treatment (group B).ResultAfter treatment, the clearance rates of serum creatinine, lactic acid, and urea nitrogen were significantly lower in group A than in group B. The decrease in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor-α levels after treatment was significantly higher in group B than in group A. For the Acute Physiology Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores from the two groups, the scores were significantly lower in group B than in group A. The mortality rate within 28 days was significantly higher in group A than in group B.ConclusionCRRT can effectively improve the condition of patients with sepsis and AKI, promote elimination of toxins (serum creatinine, lactic acid, and urea nitrogen) from the body, and reduce the mortality rate.
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Group A
SOFA score
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Perioperative acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with multiple postoperative complications leading to prolonged hospital stay and higher costs. AKI requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) after surgery has an incidence of 2-6% and mortality approximates 40-60%. Previous studies examining mortality in perioperative AKI patients managed with CRRT have concentrated on cardiac surgery patients and there are very limited data on broad surgical patient populations requiring CRRT. We examined long-term mortality and factors associated with poor outcome in a broad surgical population requiring CRRT for perioperative AKI during a 10-year period.Surgical patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of academic tertiary hospital requiring CRRT between years 2010-2019 were included. CRRT was performed using regional citrate-calcium-anticoagulation. Extracted data included patient demographics, comorbidities, and clinical parameters at ICU admission and at the initiation of CRRT. Creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured at 1 year after ICU admission.A total of 157 patients were included in the study. ICU mortality was 42.7%, 90-day mortality 58.0% and 1-year mortality 62.4%. Blood lactate at ICU admission and CRRT initiation were independently associated with mortality in the multivariate models. Patients with lactate > 4 mmol/l had higher mortality than patients with normal lactate (77% vs. 21%) (p < 0.001). Creatinine (p = 0.004) and eGFR (p < 0.001) remained significantly altered at 1 year of follow-up compared to baseline.Patients undergoing surgery and requiring perioperative CRRT in the ICU have a high risk of mortality. Mortality appears to be independently associated with lactate levels.
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Objective To study the incidence and peri-operative risk factors of acute kidney injury(AKI) after liver transplantation(LT) in adults.Methods A case control study was performed in adult patients who had normal pre-operative renal function(serum creatinine[Cr]≤133μmol/L) were treated in the Medical Center,Los angeles branch of California University during Nov.2005 to Dec.2008.Postoperative AKI was determined by using the RIFLE criteria(Risk,Injury,Failure,Loss and End of stage).The patients were divided into two groups according to their postoperative renal status:AKI and non-AKI groups.Perioperative variables were compared between two groups and independent risk factors of AKI were determined by multivariate logistic regression. Results A total of 335 patients who have normal renal function preoperatively were included in the present study. AKI occurred in 164(49.0%) patients one week after LT,in 45(13.4%) patient one month after LT,and in 8 (2.4%) patients one year after LT.Thirty(8.96%) patients needed renal replacement therapy(RRT) within one year after operation.Compared with non-AKI group,AKI Group had a significantly higher incidences of renal replacement therapy within one month,graft failure,and reoperation and significantly lower GFR(P0.01). However,the above parameters and the mortalities were not significantly different between the two groups one year after LT.Among the variables examined,preoperative creatinine,BMI 25 - 29 kg/m~2(OR = 2.8,P = 0.012),BMI≥30 kg/m~2(OR = 3.1,P = 0.022),preoperative creatinine(OR = 34,P 0.001), hypoalbuminemia(OR = 2.3,P = 0.029),Hct30%(OR = 3.1,P = 0.001),Platelet70×10~9/L(OR = 2.2, P = 0.030),continuous infusion of vasopressors(OR = 2.0,P = 0.045) and intraoperative red blood cell transfused over 10 units(OR = 1.1,P0.001) were identified as independent risk factors of ARI.Conclusion Even in patients with normal preoperative renal function,AKI may occur frequently following LT.It is also demonstrated that pre-LT BMI,creatinine,hypoalbuminemia,Hct30%,Platelet70×10~9/L,intraoperative transfusion over 10 units,and continuous use of vasopressors are significantly associated with postoperative AKI. However,there is no relationship between the one-year mortality or graft function failure with and AKI after LT.
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Background: Medication use in the intensive care unit (ICU) depends on creatinine-based glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimates. Urine output deterioration may precede the creatinine rise resulting in delayed recognition of GFR reductions. Our objective was to quantify the disparity between estimated GFR (eGFR) and true GFR in ICU patients with hospital-acquired oligoanuric acute kidney injury (hAKI). Methods: This single-center cohort study examined adults who met the Acute Kidney Injury Network stage III urine output criterion ≥48 hours after ICU admission. True GFR was ≤15 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , and eGFR was described by 6 different creatinine-based equations. True GFR and eGFR were compared on the day of hAKI diagnosis and followed for 4 days using multivariable linear regression with generalized estimating equations, adjusting for day and method. Results: Of the 691 patients screened, we enrolled 61 patients. After adjustment for multiple comparisons and day, there were significant differences in eGFR between the estimation methods and true GFR ( P < .001). After day adjustment, eGFR overestimated true GFR by 17 to 50 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and overestimation persisted through the fourth day of hAKI ( P ≤ .001). Conclusion: Creatinine-based equations overestimated GFR in ICU patients with hAKI. This study highlights a population at risk of medication misadventures in whom systems optimization should be considered.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) can happen due to different factors such as anemia. Packed cell (PC) transfusion is an important cause of AKI occurrence. The aim of the study is to investigate whether appropriate blood component (BC) therapy can reduce blood transfusion and it would result in AKI decreasing.We conducted a cohort study of 1388 patients who underwent cardiac surgery in one university hospital. A serum creatinine higher than 2 mg/dl, renal disease history, renal replacement therapy (chronic dialysis) were our exclusion criteria.From our 1088 samples, 701 (64.43%) patients had normal kidney function, 277 (25.45%) were in the AKI-1 group, 84 (7.72%) had an AKI-2 function, and the rest of patients were classified as end stage. A mean of more than three PC units were transfused for the second and third stage of AKI, which was significantly higher than other AKI groups (P = 0.009); this higher demand of blood product was also true about the fresh frozen plasma, platelet, and fibrinogen. However, there were no needs of fibrinogen in the patients with normal kidney function. The cardiopulmonary bypass time had an average of 142 ± 24.12, which obviously was higher than other groups (P = 0.032). Total mortality rate was 14 out of 1088 (1.28%), and expiration among the AKI stages 2 and 3 was meaningfully (P = 0.001) more than the other groups.A more occurrence of AKI reported for the patients who have taken more units of blood. However, BC indicated to be safer for compensating blood loss because of low AKI occurrence among our patients.
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Although significant advances have been achieved in acute kidney injury (AKI) research following its classification, potential pitfalls can be identified in clinical practice. The nonsteady-state (kinetic) estimated glomerular filtration rate (KeGFR) could add clinical and prognostic information in critically ill patients beyond the current AKI classification system. This was a retrospective analysis using data from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care II project. The KeGFR was calculated during the first 7 days of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in 13,284 patients and was correlated with outcomes. In general, there was not a good agreement between AKI severity and the worst achieved KeGFR. The stepwise reduction in the worst achieved KeGFR conferred an incremental risk of death, rising from 7.0% (KeGFR > 70 ml/min/1.73 m2) to 27.8% (KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2). This stepwise increment in mortality remained in each AKI severity stage. For example, patients with AKI stage 3 who maintained KeGFR had a mortality rate of 16.5%, close to those patients with KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 but no AKI; otherwise, mortality increased to 40% when both AKI stage 3 and KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 were present. In relation to another outcome—renal replacement therapy (RRT)—patients with the worst achieved KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 and KDIGO stage 1/2 had a rate of RRT of less than 10%. However, this rate was 44% when both AKI stage 3 and a worst KeGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2 were observed. This interaction between AKI and KeGFR was also present when looking at long-term survival. Both the AKI classification system and KeGFR are complementary to each other. Assessing both AKI stage and KeGFR can help to identify patients at different risk levels in clinical practice.
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