Trick for a treat: The effect of costume, identity, and peers on norm violations
Shanshan ZhangMatthew GomiesNarek BejanyanZhou FangJason JustoLi-Hsin LinRainita NarenderJoshua Tasoff
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Salience (neuroscience)
A number of authors, including Thomas Schelling and David Lewis, have envisaged a model of the generation of action in coordination problems in which salience plays a crucial role. Empirical studies suggest that human subjects are likely to try for the salient combination of actions, a tendency leading to fortunate results. Does rationality dictate that one aim at the salient combination? Some have thought so, Thus proclaiming that salience is all that is needed to resolve coordination problems for agents who are rational in the sense of game theory. I argue against this position; rational agents will not necessarily aim for the salient. It remains to explain how the salient comes to be chosen by human beings. Various possibilities are noted. One involves a mechanism invoked by Hume and Wittgenstein in other contexts: we may project an unreasoned compulsion onto reason, falsely believing that rationality dictates our choice of the salient.
Salience (neuroscience)
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Salience is an important characteristic of information influencing users' cognitive and emotional states. For example, salient parts of a document are those that will be considered moving or provoking by readers. This article studies the concept of salience and its specific meanings in linguistics. Then it analyses the main difficulties of content-based techniques for automatic identification of salient passages in a document. A new, context-based method for overcoming these difficulties is subsequently presented. Our method identifies passages that readers have reacted to by analyzing their textual feedback. Our experimentation revealed that it is effective and can be broadly used.
Salience (neuroscience)
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In this article, we will present empirical results of a longitudinal study on long‐term dialect accommodation in a German dialect setting. An important model of explaining which linguistic structures undergo such convergence and which do not makes use of the notion of ‘salience’. Dialect features which are perceived by the speakers as ‘salient’ are taken up and given up more easily and faster than those which are perceived as ‘less salient’. The notion of salience has a tradition which goes back to the 1920s. We will discuss this research tradition, apply the criteria for salience that played a role in it to our results, and discuss the question of whether perceived (subjective) salience can be explained in objective (structural‐phono logical or phonetic) terms.
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Abstract This paper proposes a model where the set of issues that are decisive in an election (i.e., the set of salient issues) is endogenous. The model takes into account a key feature of the policy‐making process, namely, that the decision‐maker faces time and budget constraints that prevent him from addressing all of the issues that are on the agenda. We show that this feature creates a rationale for a policy‐motivated decision‐maker to manipulate his policy choice in order to influence which issues will be salient in the next election. We identify three motivations for the decision‐maker to manipulate his policy choice for salience purposes. One is to make salient an issue on which he has an electoral advantage. A second motivation is to defuse the salience of an issue on which he is electorally weak, which is accomplished by either implicitly committing to a policy outcome or triggering a change of salient issue for the challenger. A third motivation is to induce the opposition party to nominate a candidate who, if elected, will implement a policy that the incumbent decision maker finds more palatable.
Salience (neuroscience)
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Salience (neuroscience)
Literal (mathematical logic)
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Summary A set of experiments gauged the value of salient and non‐salient visual information to drivers' decision making. Stimuli were images of traffic scenes viewed from a drivers' approximate perspective, and the subjects' task was to make stop‐or‐go driving judgments. Under some experimental conditions (Experiment 1), subjects viewed only the salient information from within each scene. Under other conditions (Experiments 2–3), they viewed only the non‐salient information. A signal detection measure of sensitivity served as the primary dependent measure. Data indicated that an above‐chance amount of the information needed for accurate judgments was contained within salient image regions and that some information was available only from the salient regions. Other critical information, however, was contained exclusively within non‐salient regions. Results suggest that an attentional bias toward visual salience would serve as an economical information‐seeking strategy for drivers but by itself would overlook many task‐critical cues. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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We each have a self-concept that includes multiple, interconnected identities which form and evolve over time. These identities can become differentially active, or salient, and in doing so guide our behavior in a seemingly predictable way. Although identity researchers know how to make identities salient, and understand how identities should guide behavior when salient, we currently struggle to accurately predict when a particular identity will drive a consumer's real-world behavior. This issue stems from the unnatural interventions that identity researchers typically use in their studies to make identities salient. The author reviews the current state of identity salience research, and argues that we need to embrace subtle interventions; practical methods to predictably make identities salient that are simple for marketers to use in a natural setting. This will enable us to study a wider range of identities, better understand the process by which particular identities become more (or less) salient, and be more useful to practitioners.
Salience (neuroscience)
Identity change
Identity Formation
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Salient distractors demand our attention. Their salience, derived from intensity, relative contrast or learned relevance, captures our limited information capacity. This is typically an adaptive response as salient stimuli may require an immediate change in behaviour. However, sometimes apparent salient distractors do not capture attention. Theeuwes, in his recent commentary, has proposed certain boundary conditions of the visual scene that result in one of two search modes, serial or parallel, that determine whether we can avoid salient distractors or not. Here, we argue that a more complete theory should consider the temporal and contextual factors that influence the very salience of the distractor itself.
Salience (neuroscience)
Relevance
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Salience is an important characteristic of information influencing users’ cognitive and emotional states. For example, salient parts of a document are those that readers will find moving or provoking. This article studies the salience concept and its meanings in linguistics and information retrieval. Then it analyses the main drawbacks of content-based techniques for automatic identification of salient passages in a document. A new context-based method for overcoming these difficulties is subsequently presented. Our method identifies passages that readers have reacted to by analyzing their textual feedback. Our experimentation with blog posts revealed that it is effective and can be on 90% of commented posts.
Salience (neuroscience)
Emotional valence
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In the previous chapter, building on judicial behaviour theories, general expectations were set forth about the Belgian Constitutional Court's behaviour. In particular, it was argued that strategic behaviour can be expected in salient cases. But how to identify these salient cases? While in the US context a case is often considered salient simply because it has survived the docket control, this cannot be said for cases before the BeCC where similar selection mechanisms do not exist. Moreover, considering the broad access possibilities and large set of reference norms, it is easier to trigger the involvement of the Court, which increases the probability it will be asked to adjudicate salient cases. When identifying appropriate salience measures, the specific setting in which a Court functions should be taken into account.
Salience (neuroscience)
Adjudication
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