Fractionation and characterization of lignin from waste rice straw: Biomass surface chemical composition analysis
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Sodium hydroxide
Fraction (chemistry)
Chemical fractionation
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Residue (chemistry)
Chemical modification
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Hemicellulose
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Depolymerization
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Organosolv
Hemicellulose
Lignocellulosic Biomass
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Dispersity
Molar mass distribution
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ABSTRACT Two trials were conducted at the BOCM Silcock Development Unit at Stoke Mandeville. The first trial evaluated the response on doe and progeny, from mating to 8 weeks after parturition, of rabbit compound diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300 g sodium hydroxide-treated straw per kg. Performance data showed no detrimental effect of inclusion levels up to 300 g sodium hydroxide-treated straw per kg despite its high sodium concentration. A second trial was made to ascertain whether these findings were due to the treated straw itself or to increasing sodium concentrations. A standard rabbit compound diet containing 2·5 g sodium per kg was compared with diets containing either 5·0 or 10·0 g sodium per kg, and with experimental compound diets containing either 80 g sodium hydroxide-treated straw or 80 g untreated straw per kg and both containing 2·5 g sodium per kg. Peak food conversion was estimated to occur at a dietary sodium concentration of 4·6g/kg, although the slope of the dose response curve was not statistically significant at the P ≤ level. The results indicate that compound diets containing up to 80 to lOOg sodium hydroxide-treated straw per kg may be fed to rabbits and that inclusion of levels of up to 300 g sodium hydroxide-treated straw per kg are not detrimental to performance. On the other hand, an inclusion of 80 g untreated ground straw per kg in compound diets for rabbits had a growth-depressing effect.
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The present study was undertaken in Forest Science Faculty, Universidad de Nuevo Leon, Mexico on variability of Wood density and its possible relation to few wood chemical composition and wood fiber cell structure anatomy. The results reveal that among 10 specie studied, there exist a large variation in wood density (0.51 to 1.09), and few wood chemical composition such % carbón (37.14 to 44.07), nitrogen (9.18 to 19.22), sulphur (31.45 to 33/82), lignin (15/28 to 24.35), hemicellulose (19.94 to 27.36%), and % cellulose (33.69 to 45.92). In general, though there was no clear relationship between wood density and other chemical composition of wood. It was observed that the species having moderate to high wood density contained >40% carbón, >30% sulphur and >40% cellulose and more or less 20% lignin. It seems that carbón, sulphur, cellulose and lignin content contribute to greater density. The wood fiber cell with wall lignification seems to be related to higher wood density.
Hemicellulose
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Hemicellulose
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Lignocellulosic Biomass
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In this investigation the lignin, the total of membrane substances, the crude protein and the methoxyl in lignin were determined in different materials. Some observations on the properties of lignin have been made. The lignin content, as calculated from the dry matter or from the total of the membrane substances, varies greatly in different materials, as can be seen in Table 1. This is the case even if one leaves out of consideration such materials as the bark of woods, sea-weeds, and mosses, the »lignin» of which scarcely is real lignin. In grasses and clover the content of lignin in the cell walls increases with the successive stages of development. The methoxyl content of lignin varies in different plants, in the same plant at successive stages of growth, and in the different tissues of the same plant. The solubility of lignin in hot diluted alkali solutions varies in different materials. Of the lignin in Gramineae plants even in an 0.1 N natrium hydroxide solution about 50 % dissolves, but of the lignin of softwoods only negligible amounts in a 2 N solution. The lignin preparations isolated by the usual acid methods contain, besides the real hydrolysis residue, also substances dissolved by the strong acid but precipitated by the succeeding dilution. The nitrogen content of the precipitated fraction is high. The high methoxyl content of its nitrogen free portion points to real lignin.
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Softwood
Black liquor
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SUMMARY 1. Four experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of treatment of spring-sown barley straw (var. Deba Abed) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution and subsequent neutralization with hydrochloric acid (HCl) on its digestibility and intake by sheep. 2. In Experiment 1, chopped straw was mixed with 4·5 or 9·0 g NaOH in 200 or 800 ml water/100 g, straw, and after 24 hr neutralized with HCl and left for a further 24 hr before being offered to castrated male sheep (wethers) in a maintenance diet containing 35% concentrates. Organic-matter digestibility of straw significantly increased, by 8 and 11 percentage units respectively, after treatment with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 and 9·0 g NaOH. Volume of solution did not affect digestibility. 3. In Experiment 2, straw treated as in Experiment 1 was given ad libitum . The highest intake was for straw treated with 200 ml solution containing 4·5 g NaOH/100 g straw, treatment with 9·0 g NaOH giving a significantly lower intake but higher than that of untreated straw. 4. In Experiment 3, the in vitro digestibility of milled straw, treated as in Experiments 1 and 4, increased with increasing volumes of solution up to 120 ml/100 g straw, but the response to successive increments of NaOH declined progressively. 5. In Experiment 4 chopped straw was mixed with 4·5, 6·75 or 9·0 g NaOH in 30, 60 or 120 ml water/100 g straw and offered as in Experiment 1. Treatments significantly increased straw digestibility, by 8 to 16 percentage units. Increasing the volume of water from 30 to 60 ml significantly improved digestibility, by 5 percentage units at the two lower levels of NaOH. The response to an increase in the level of NaOH was less, and inconsistent. In vitro and in vivo digestibilities were significantly correlated, but it is concluded that the in vitro technique used overestimates the digestibility of treated straw.
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrochloric acid
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