P2.10-02 Smoking Habit in Lung Cancer in Spain
Enric CarcerenyF. FrancoDelvys Rodríguez‐AbreuRafael López CastroR. de las PeñasM. GuiradoCarlos CampsJoaquim Bosch‐BarreraRosario García CampeloA.L. Ortega GranadosJ.L. González-LarribaG. HuidobroManuel DómineBartomeu MassutíMaría Ángeles SalaReyes BernabéJuana OramasE. del BarcoJ. De Castro CarpeñoA. PadillaDavid AguiarS. CerezoR. BlancoEugenio Cuadrado AlbiteG. Flox BenítezMarta DoménechMariano Provencio
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Habit
In the investigation of the variabilities of maturity and weight per seed, and the growth process of pods and seeds with different flowering dates, the variety with indeterminate growth habit was inferior to determinate types in the uniformity of seeds. Careful selection of strains for the uniformity of seeds is needed for breeding new variety with indeterminate growth habit adaptable for Japan.
Habit
Indeterminate growth
Indeterminate
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72 preschoolers and 72 school children observed the original discrimination of nonreversal shift (NRS) followed by 14 NRS trials by themselves. The observational trials were 10 or 30 in each age group. The correct (_??_) or incorrect (×) responses on the 1st (unchanged pair) and the 2nd (changed pair) trials of NRS were mainly measured. In preschoolers, both dependent observational-learning mode (_??_-× responses: DOL) and independent observational-learning mode (_??_-_??_ and ×-×: IOL) were found, but no observational-trial effects on the modes were found. In school children, DOL occurred significantly more than IOL in both groups, and the observational-trial effect was also found. Subproblem analyses suggested that the _??_-× responses were indeed the “dependent” mode rather than the “independent” one.
Observational learning
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The root of education is cultivating cadets. How to cultivate a man having both ability and moral integrity is paid more attention by educators. This paper puts forward the cultivating habit is the only way to achieve education starting with daily study living. The cultivating habit should be expressed by several aspects: the behavior habit of honesty and faithfulness, the favorable living habit and study habit, the nicer civilized habit and labor habit, and the well taste habit.
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Honesty
Bad habit
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plant is generally erect,
semi-erect, spreading, semi-prostrate or prostrate
(mainly wild annual Cicer species) in growth habit
depending on the angle of branches arises from the
vertical axis. Spontaneous mutations are the source of
genetic variability and have resulted into dwarf erect
compact type plants with high number of branches
arising from base, commonly called as “bushy mutants”
in chickpea [1-3]. In a study [4], it was reported that
mean yield of the lines with bushy growth habit, across
all environments, was higher than that of the erect habit
lines...
Habit
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The purposes of this study were to develop and implement an observational training program and to assess the effects of a video observational training program on video and live observational proficiency. Physical education majors took a pretest in both a video and a live environment to assess observational proficiency. The task was observing children batting and answering questions regarding the critical features of the movement. The students were then placed into either a treatment ( n = 12) or a control ( n = 11) group. There were no differences between groups on either assessment ( p > .05). The treatment group then participated in a video observational training program. After the training, all subjects took a posttest in each environment to assess observational proficiency. The training was found to be effective in improving video observational proficiency ( p < .05) but not live observational proficiency ( p > .05). These results provide support for the effectiveness of video observational training in developing video observational proficiency but not live observational proficiency.
Observational learning
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Observational methods such as OW AS. RULA. and REBA have been widely used to identify posture-related risks of musculoskeletal disorders in industry, since they are useful and efficient in evaluating postural stresses. However. there are few studies comparing the methods and providing guidelines for selecting and using the methods. They have been developed based on different backgrounds and with different application areas. Each method has its own characteristics. which must be considered in selecting and using them. In this study. 17 male subjects evaluated 42 different working postures that frequently assumed in the automobile assembly line using a psychophysical method. The postures were then evaluated by different observational methods. The results of the observational methods were compared with psychophysically evaluated stresses. The observational methods resulted in different values of stresses for certain postures. For some postures showing high values of perceived discomfort. the observational methods showed different values of stresses. These results showed that the observational methods should be used differently according to application area and they have some weak points to be improved.
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The habit is a stable behavior that people represent automatically and unconsciously,and a way of long-established entrenched life or behavior.A behavioral habit is the outward manifestation of the quality which is manifested through the habit.The education of behavioral habit developing is the starting point to carry out the quality education,School should implement the education of behavioral habit developing and ultimately improve the overall quality of the whole nation.
Habit
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Studies can be observational or experimental. With an observational study, the investigator does not determine the assignment of subjects, and there might not be a control group. If there is a control group, assignment of the independent variable (exposure or intervention) is not under the control of the investigator. Observational studies can be rigorously conducted, but the lack of random assignment of the exposure/intervention introduces confounding and bias. Thus, the quality of evidence resulting from observational studies is lower than that of experimental randomized controlled trials (RCTs). An observational study might be performed if an RCT is unethical, impractical, or outside the control of the investigator. There are many types of prospective and retrospective observational study designs. However, an observational study design should be avoided if an experimental study is possible. Sophisticated statistical approaches can be used, but this does not elevate an observational study to the level of an RCT. Regardless of quality, an observational study cannot establish causality.
Causality
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