Virulence potential of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain belonging to the emerging clonal group ST101-B1 isolated from bloodstream infection
Ana Carolina de Mello SantosRosa Maria SilvaTiago Barcelos ValiattiFernanda Fernandes SantosJosé Francisco Santos-NetoRodrigo CayôAna Paula StrelingCarolina Silva NodariAna Cristina GalesMilton Yutaka NishiyamaEnéas CarvalhoTânia A. T. Gomes
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Abstract Escherichia coli EC121 is a multidrug-resistant (MDR) strain isolated from bloodstream infection of an inpatient with persistent gastroenteritis and Zone T lymphoma, that died due to septic shock. Despite causing an extraintestinal infection, it harbors few known virulence factors and was assigned into phylogenetic group B1. To evaluate if the EC121 was pathogenic or opportunistic, its genome was sequenced, and an in vitro characterization of some pathogenicity-associated properties was performed. The data retrieved from genome analysis showed that E. coli strain EC121 belongs to the O154:H25 serotype, and to ST101-B1, which was epidemiologically linked to extraintestinal infections and antimicrobial resistance spread as well. Moreover, it was closely related to Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Besides, strain EC121 is an MDR strain harboring 14 antimicrobial resistance genes, including bla CTX-M-2 , and more than 50 complete virulence genetic clusters, which are reported to be associated either with DEC or ExPEC. The strain also displays the capacity to adhere to a variety of cell lineages, and invade T24 bladder cells, as well as the ability to form biofilms on abiotic surfaces, and survive the bactericidal serum complement activity. Additionally, it is virulent in the Galleria mellonella model. Altogether, E. coli EC121 unveiled to be a pathogen powered by its multi-drug resistance characteristic. Carry out studies providing accurate information about the virulence potential of all kinds of MDR strains are essential because these studies will help in the development of alternative therapies of infection management and spread control of MDR strains. Authors summary The phylogenetic origin of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli is mostly associated with phylogroup B2, and the majority of the studies regarding extraintestinal infection focus on the most virulent strains, which might also present multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. Strains belonging to phylogroup B1 and isolated from extraintestinal infections are considered as opportunist pathogens and have their virulence neglected. We focus our study in one MDR strain isolated from bloodstream infection that belongs to phylogenetic group B1 to enlarge the knowledge about the virulence of this kind of strain. We demonstrated that the EC121 is capable of adheres to intestinal and bladder human cells, and invades the latter one; it survives to human serum bactericidal effects and produces biofilm. Additionally, the in vivo assay confirmed the EC121 virulence, showing that it should be considered a pathogenic strain. The genetic analyzes highlighted important aspects of EC121 which are typical from strains of sequence type 101, like its involvement in the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes and its relationship with extraintestinal infection from diverse sources. Information concerning the virulence of MDR strains is important for the development of global actions treating the spread of antimicrobial resistance, as well as to elucidate the pathogenesis of strains that were considered as an opportunist.Summary A total of 241 group A rotavirus-positive stool samples collected from diarrhoeic patients in Thailand between July 1988 and June 1991 were characterized for their serotypes by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In July 1988–June 1989, serotype 1 was the most prevalent (63·4%), followed by serotype 4 (11·0%) and serotype 2 (8·5%). In July 1989–June 1990, 59·8% were serotype 1, 24·3% were serotype 2, and 6·1 % were serotype 3. In contrast, in July 1990–June 1991, serotype 3 was detected in the highest frequency (40·5%), 29·9% were serotype 1, and 27·3% were serotype 2. Thus, a distinct yearly change of serotype distribution of rotavirus in Thailand was observed in the three consecutive years. In particular, it was of note that the prevalence of serotype 3 greatly increased, in contrast to the previous studies in which almost no serotype 3 rotaviruses were detected in the years 1983–8 in Thailand.
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Objective:To investigate the hospital infection and the isolation and drug resistance of pathogen in nosocomial infections.Method: The infection situation and the isolation and drug resistance of pathogen in our hospital were analyzed retrospectively in 2010.Results: The hospital infection rate was 2.46% during 2010,the mainly pathogenic bacteria were Gram-negative bacilli,which easily causing respiratory tract infection,the bacteria have serious drug resistance condition.Conclusions: Hospital should strengthen infection and pathogen drug resistance monitor,minimize the occur and development of drug-resistance strains.
Isolation
Pathogenic bacteria
Respiratory tract
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Invasive group B streptococcal (GBS) infection is a major health problem among infants and adults. The formulation of GBS vaccines depends on knowledge of the GBS serotype distribution. Serotype V GBS infection appears to have recently emerged, suggesting that the serotype distribution changes over time. GBS isolates from 210 pediatric patients, 23 pregnant women, and 314 nonpregnant adults with invasive infection in Maryland were studied. The predominant serotypes from infants with early-onset disease were as follows: serotype III, 38% of isolates; serotype Ia, 36%; serotype V, 13%; and serotype II, 11%. Although the majority (60%) of isolates among infants with late-onset infection were serotype III, serotype Ia (23%) was also common. The predominant serotype among isolates from nonpregnant adult patients was serotype V, accounting for 29% of the isolates. The serotype distribution differs between pediatric patients and adults and is changing over time. The inclusion of a relatively small number of serotypes in a GBS vaccine could provide protection against the vast majority of isolates.
Group B
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Abstract The temporal distribution and clinical severity of rotavirus VP7 serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 recovered from 427 Venezuelan children with acute gastroenteritis over a period of 11 years were studied. Rotavirus VP7 serotype was established by ELSA serotyping in 298 (69.78%) of the specimens while the serotype of the remaining 129 (30.21%) samples could not be determined. Of the specimens typed, 85 (19.90% of the total) were serotype 1, 43 (10.07%) were serotype 2, 105 (24.59%) were serotype 3, and 65 (15.22%) were serotype 4. Yearly changes in the frequency of individual serotypes were observed. The predominance of a single serotype with minor contribution from others was noted every year. In this study, serotype 1 appears to induce a less severe illness in comparison with serotypes 2, 3, and 4. No apparent association between the proportion of each serotype and the children's age were found.
Acute gastroenteritis
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The aim of the present study was to characterize all strains of the Mycobacterium avium complex isolated in Denmark in 1993. A total of 141 M. avium complex strains (86 from man, 38 from animals, and 17 from peat) were analysed by serotyping, ELISA specific for a 40 kDa protein, and IS901‐specific PCR. Serotype analysis showed that the most frequent serotypes among human strains were serotype 4 (27%) and serotype 6 (19%), which differs from an earlier survey where serotype 1 was most prevalent. The most frequent serotypes in animals were serotype 2 (53%) and serotype 6 (13%), whereas the most prevalent serotypes among strains isolated from peat were serotype 4 (29%) and serotype 9 (18%). There was a concurrent appearance of IS901 and p40 in all strains. Only M. avium complex strains isolated from animals, and belonging to serotype 1 or serotype 2, contained the IS901/p40 markers. The different distribution of serotypes of M. avium complex strains in animals and man, and the presence of IS901/p40 exclusively in animal strains, suggests that transmission of M. avium from animals to man is not of significance in Denmark.
Mycobacterium avium complex
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Thirty-one strains of Yersinia enterocolitica were isolated from food and surface water. During the period of January 1975 to June 1977, 157 strains from 143 human cases were also isolated. Among the different serotypes from nonhuman sources, serotypes 6,30 and 4,32 were the most common. Serotype 4,32 was present only in food and not in water. Serotype 3 was isolated only from humans. Among the different serotypes from human cases, 73.9% belonged to serotype 3. Only serotype 3 was isolated from children under 4 years old. The presence of other serotypes increased and that of serotype 3 decreased in frequency as the age progressed. No serotype 3 was isolated from human cases aged 50 years and more.
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia
Yersinia Infections
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A total of 95 Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Japan and belonging to H serotypes 10, 18 and 24, were examined for their H antigenic subfactors. Of 84 H serotype 10 isolates, 83 were identified as the H serotype 10a: 10b (serovar darmstadiensis) and only one isolate was assigned to the H serotype 10a: 10c (serovar londrina). Among five isolates belonging to the H serotype 18, three were allocated to the H serotype 18a: 18b (serovar kumamotoensis), while two isolates did not react to antisera against the two known H antigenic subfactors, 18b and 18c. All of the six H serotype 24 isolates were assigned to the H serotype 24a: 24b (serovar neoleonensis).
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bacillaceae
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SUMMARY Biologic and serologic relationships between Page’s serotypes A, B, and C and Sawata’s serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. Of the 7 Page’s serotype strains tested (which were biologically confirmed as H paragallinarum ), serotype B strains Spross and 0222 (which produced a low-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor, but did not require chicken serum for growth. Serotype A strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany and serotype C strain Modesto, as well as Sawata’s serotype 1 strain 221 and serotype 2 strain H-18 (which produced a high-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor and chicken serum for growth. Strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany of Page’s serotype A and Modesto strain of serotype C, as well as strain 221 of Sawata’s serotype 1 and H-18 of serotype 2, had a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive L antigen. Because serotype A strains had serotype 1-specific antigen and common L antigen, which is shared by serotypes 1 and 2, these strains corresponded to Sawata’s serotype 1. Serotype C strain Modesto, which had serotype 2-specific antigen and common L antigen, corresponded to serotype 2. However, serotype B strains Spross and 0222 lacked serotype B-specific L antigen, and were not typeable.
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Serotype Analysis of Group A Human Rotavirus Related to Acute Gastroenteritis in Winter in Gifu City
A total of 348 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Gifu city over three consecutive winter seasons (from November 1986 to March 1989) were examined for group A human rotavirus (HRV) by either a commercial test kit or a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich ELISA). One hundred twelve of the 173 group A HRV-positive specimens were further subjected to serotype determination by ELISA with four serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies to VP7 (ELISA-serotyping). Ninety-one specimens (81.3%) were successfully serotyped: 41 (36.6%) were serotype 1, 13 (11.6%) serotype 2, 27 (24.1%) serotype 3, and 10 (8.9%) serotype 4. The serotypes of the remaining 21 (18.8%) could not be determined. The predominant serotype of HRV that prevailed in Gifu city changed every winter: serotype 3 (63.4%) was most prevalent in the 1st winter, serotype 4 (42.9%) in the 2nd winter, and serotype 1 (64%) in the 3rd winter.
Acute gastroenteritis
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