Soybean Planting Patterns and Benefit Analysis of Huang-Huai-Hai Region
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Huang-Huai-Hai region is the second largest soybean producing areas of China,which planting pattern is very rich,such as winter wheat-summer soybean,winter wheat-summer soybean intercropping maize and winter rape-summer soybean.This paper use energy analysis,nutrient balance and economic analysis method to evaluate Huang-Huai-Hai region' major soybean planting patterns from the perspectives of economic,ecological and social benefits.Results suggest the winter wheat-summer soybean intercropping maize had the best comprehensive benefits,and is worthy of popularization in Huang-Huai-Hai region.Keywords:
Intercropping
Winter wheat
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MicroclimatologistInformation on evapotranspiration (ET) rates is important to many agricultural and waterrelated problems.The ET rates are regulated largely by potential evapotranspiration (Keeping Up With Hesearch 30), soil texture, crop cover, and water stress.Therefore, both total seasonal ET and seasonal trends in ET vary with climate, crop species and variety, disease, fertility, and other management practices.Figs. 1-3 show the trends in actual evapotranspiration (ET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) throughout the 1976 growing season for corn, sorghum, and soybeans at Manhattan, Kansas.Because the fields were not irrigated and droughty conditions existed, the seasonal ET values are slightly lower than normal.
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). There were satistically significant differences （at 0.01 or 0.05 levels）between treatments in root number and rooting ability of root-pruned seedlings.
Multiple cropping
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Optimal soybean planting in southeast Kansas usually occurs from mid-May to mid- June for full-season or late June to early July for double-cropped soybean. Planting is timed to capture fall rains and cooler temperatures during critical periods of bean development and yield formation to avoid midsummer heat and drought.
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Abstract Various winter crops can be produced before soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] in the Southeast United States, however the effect of these winter crops on soybean productivity and the optimum maturity group to use following various winter crops remains unknown. This experiment was conducted in five environments across North Carolina in 2019 and 2020 to understand the effect of winter crop and soybean maturity group (MG) on soybean productivity. Winter crops investigated included cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) as cover crop, cereal rye–crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.) as cover crop mixture, May fallow, wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) for grain, rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) for grain, and June fallow. Three soybean cultivars (MGs III, V, and VII) were evaluated following each winter crop. Data collected were cover crop/residue biomass, winter crop grain yields, soybean stand, soil moisture, soil temperature, soybean chlorophyll content, and soybean yield. Across environments, winter crop did not affect soybean yield despite differences in soybean stand, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soybean chlorophyll content following various winter crops. The results indicate that across the environments evaluated in this experiment, factors such as soybean stand, soil moisture, or N availability were not limiting factors for soybean productivity and that soybean yield response is relatively insensitive to previous crops. Across winter crops, greater yields typically were achieved with a MGs V and VII cultivar than with a MG III cultivar. Results from this experiment demonstrate that the insensitivity of soybean yield to the previous crop allows for flexibility incorporating soybean into rotations and that regardless of the previous winter crop, yield is typically optimized with a MG V cultivar or later when standard management practices are employed.
Secale
Vicia villosa
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Corn industry in winter has made rapid progress in Jinghong,Yunnan,China in recent years.A package of corn cultivation practices adapted to local conditions was developed through years of R D and trials.This package of high yielding cultivation of corn in winter in this locality was described,including selection of corn cultivars,field selection,land preparation,sowing,seedling raising,field management and harvest.With this cultivation package winter corn can yield 12 000～15 000 kg/ha.
Field corn
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Chinese soybean core collection were evaluated and their adaptability were studied in Huanghuai summer sowing ecological region(SSER),in order to apply these varieties in breeding.The results showed that percent 50 varieties had at least one main agronomic characteristics conformed with released varieties of Huanghuai region.And there were some varieties with more than 200 pods per plant in Chinese soybean core collection.So Chinese soybean core collection had been planted in Huanghuai summer sowing ecological region breeding.There were some changes in agronomic characteristics of varieties from different ecological regions when planting in Huanghuai summer sowing ecological region.Variance of growth duration of the Northeastern spring soybean,Northern spring soybean,Southern spring soybean and Southern summer soybean became small when planting in Huanghuai summer sowing ecological region,but Changjiang spring soybean larger.The difference of adaptability among Northeastern spring soybean and Northern spring soybean validated that Northeastern spring soybean and Northern spring soybean was different ecological type.Growth duration,height of plant and 100-seeds weight of varieties from different ecological region would be changed when planting in Huanghuai region.The height of plant would change more easily than growth graduation and 100-seeds weight was the stablest of the three agronomic characteristics.
Adaptability
Glycine soja
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The regional trial of summer soybean in the ninth period in Guangxi was carried out in 2006-2008,and the results showed that among five testing soybean varieties,the yield and comprehensive traits of Gui GF-21 were superior to the control Guixia 1,and it passed regional trial and could be extended in southern region of Guangxi. Because of lower yield or unstable yield,the other varieties including Gui 0111-2,Gui 3011,Gui 338 and Gui 0114-3 were eliminated in the trial.
Ninth
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The complex planting system of winter wheat and summer corn were studied in the south of Shanxi province. Four complex planting models of winter wheat and summer corn were determined in the region. Common characteristics and the reasons of increase production for compartmentalization on four models were analyzed. This provided a basis for the selection of suitable models and integrated techniques in the region.
Compartmentalization (fire protection)
Winter wheat
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The new summer planting soybean variety Xudou 18,derived from Xudou 9 × Sidou 288,was bred by Xuzhou Institute of Agriculture Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area. Average yield of Xudou 18 in regional trials during 2009-2010 was2 725. 35 kg·ha- 1,which was 6.46% higher than control cultivar Zhonghuang 13. Its average yield of production test in 2010was 2 558. 55 kg·ha- 1,which was 6. 65% higher than control cultivar Zhonghuang 13. Xudou 18 was resistant to SC-3 and SC-7 strain of SMV and has the characteristics of high and stable yield,good quality and better stress tolerance. It was approved and released by National Crop Variety Approval Committee in 2011. It is suitable for planting in north of the Huaihe river in Jiangsu and Anhui province,south of Shandong province and southeast of Henan province.
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In the eastern Great Plains, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and different soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] maturity groups (MG) are grown in various cropping systems to diversify crop production. A 10-year field study was conducted in southeastern Kansas to evaluate effects of multi-cropping systems on grain yield and net economic returns. Cropping systems evaluated were: (i) annual double-cropping of wheat and soybean (MG IV); (ii) four 2-year rotations of wheat-soybean double-cropped followed by full-season soybean the next year, where the same soybean MG (I, III, IV, and V) was grown both years; and (iii) a 3-year rotation of wheat, wheat, and full-season (MG V) soybean. On average, wheat yields ranged from 51 bu/acre following early MG I soybean in the 2-year double-crop rotation to 36 bu/acre following MG IV soybean in the annual double-cropping system. Wheat yield differences were primarily determined by planting date. Full-season (MG V) soybean yields were highest (35 bu/acre) following two years of wheat in the 3-year rotation. Double-crop soybean yields in the annual double-cropping system averaged 26 bu/acre for MG IV. Full-season and double-crop soybean yields in the 2-year double-crop rotation system were significantly greater for traditional MGs (III, IV, and V) than MG I. Net economic returns averaged $101/acre for annual double-cropping, which was $10 to $25/acre higher than 2-year systems with MGs III, IV, and V; whereas, net returns were lowest for the 3-year rotation ($51/acre) and for the 2-year system with MG I soybean ($44/acre).
Multiple cropping
Cropping system
Crop Rotation
Growing season
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