The Falls Risk Awareness Questionnaire: Development and Validation for Use With Older Adults
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<h4>EXCERPT</h4> <p>Falling is a significant cause of disability and death among older adults. A recent U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report listed fall-related injuries as the leading cause of injury-related morbidity and mortality in elderly individuals (2006). Approximately 30% of community-dwelling older adults fall each year, of whom 50% fall more than once (Tinetti & Speechley, 1989; Tinetti, Speechley, & Ginter, 1988). Up to 10% of falls result in serious soft tissue injuries, including hematomas, sprains, and joint dislocations (Tinetti & Speechley, 1989). An additional 5% result in bone fractures of the humerus, wrist, pelvis, and hip (Tinetti & Speechley, 1989). </p>Keywords:
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Fall prevention
An individual patient's risk of falling during hospitalization is associated with several factors (Oliver et al. 2004). Few valid instruments are available for screening hospitalized patients at ri...
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The purpose of this study was to describe age differences for children 3 yr. old or less regarding the frequency of falling down stairs while being pushed in strollers, and frequencies of stroller incidents were compared for three age groups of children under 3 yr. of age. The first year is the time of highest risk based on the number of stroller incidents on stairs when compared to each of the next 2 years. 80% of the incidents involving children occurred between birth and 12 months. Safety recommendations to reduce risk are provided.
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IntroductionAlthough exercise and strength training have been shown to be protective against falls in older adults (aged 65 years and older), evidence for the role of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in the prevention of falls and resulting injuries in middle-aged adults (aged 45–64 years) is lacking. In the present study, we investigate the association between self-reported engagement in LTPA and the frequency of falls and fall-related injuries among middle-aged and older adults, while controlling for key sociodemographic and health characteristics.MethodsNationally representative data from the 2010 U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey were analyzed in April 2014 to examine the number of adults aged ≥45 years who self-reported their fall experience in the previous 3 months and any injuries that resulted from those falls. We then evaluated the association between LTPA and self-reported falls and injuries across three age strata (45–54, 55–64, and ≥65 years). The two main self-reported outcome measures were (1) frequency of falls in the 3 months prior to the survey interview date and (2) the number of injuries resulting from these falls. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs were calculated using Poisson regression models with robust SEs.ResultsOf 340,680 survey participants aged ≥45 years, 70.7% reported engaging in LTPA, and 17% reported one or more falls. Among those reporting a fall within 3 months, 25.6% experienced one injurious fall (fall resulting in an injury) and 8.4% reported two or more injurious falls. Controlling for sociodemographic and health characteristics, among adults aged 45–54 years, those who engaged in LTPA were significantly less likely to report one fall (PR=0.90, 95% CI=0.81, 0.99); two or more falls (PR=0.84, 95% CI=0.77, 0.93); one injurious fall (PR=0.88, 95% CI=0.78, 0.99); and two or more injurious falls (PR=0.69, 95% CI=0.58, 0.83) than those who did not exercise. A similar protective effect of LTPA on reporting falls and injuries was noted for adults aged 55–64 and ≥65 years.ConclusionsSimilar to older adults, middle-aged adults who engage in LTPA report fewer falls and fall-related injuries. Upon further confirmation of the relationship between LTPA and falls among middle-aged adults, fall prevention interventions could be developed for this population.
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Our aim was to study the demography, anatomical regions injured, severity, and outcome of hospitalised trauma patients who were injured by falling objects in order to give recommendations regarding their prevention in the UAE. All trauma patients who were injured by falling objects and were admitted to Al Ain Hospital for more than 24 hours, or died after arrival to the hospital were studied for over 3 years. One hundred forty nine patients having a mean age (SD) > 34 (12.1) years were studied. The annual incidence of hospitalisation was 10.7/100,000 persons per year. Majority (97.3%) were males and 73.2% from the Indian subcontinent. The most common location for injury was work (88.6%), followed by home (9.4%). Patients injured at home were younger (p < 0.0001), and were more females (p < 0.0001). Extremities and head/neck were the most common injured regions; 1.3% of patients died. Males from the Indian subcontinent are at a higher risk of being injured by falling objects especially at work. Safety education and programs, environmental changes, use of protective devices including helmets or special shoes, and proper enforcement of the safety guidelines could reduce hospitalisations, disability, and death from these injuries.
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In Australia trampolines contribute one quarter of all childhood play equipment injuries. The objective of this study was to gather and evaluate injury data from a non-traditional, 'soft-edged', consumer trampoline, where the design aimed to minimise injuries from the equipment and from falling off. The manufacturer of the non-traditional trampoline provided the University of Technology Sydney with their Australian customer database. The study involved surveys in Queensland and New South Wales, between May 2007 and March 2010. Initially injury data was gathered by a phone interview pilot study, then in the full study, through an email survey. The 3817 respondents were the carers of child users of the 'soft-edge' trampolines. Responses were compared with Australian and US emergency department data. In both countries the proportion of injuries caused by the equipment and falling off was compared with the proportion caused by the jumpers to themselves or each other. The comparisons showed a significantly lower proportion resulted from falling-off or hitting the equipment for this design when compared to traditional trampolines, both in Australia and the US. This research concludes that equipment-induced and falling-off injuries, the more severe injuries on traditional trampolines, can be significantly reduced with appropriate trampoline design.
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To identify the risk factors of women who fell with injury relative to women who did not fall or fell without injury and to describe the circumstances and consequences of injurious and non-injurious falls.We analysed 5074 older women from the Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study who prospectively tracked their falls using a 13-month calendar. Women with a reported fall were phone interviewed about fall-related details, including injuries. Risk factors were identified from surveys and clinical home visits. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for injurious falls relative to not falling or falling without injury. Circumstances of injurious and non-injurious falls were compared.At least one fall was experienced by 1481 (29%) participants. Of these, 1043 were phone interviewed, of whom 430 (41%) reported at least one injurious fall. Relative to not falling, the risk factor most strongly associated with experiencing an injurious fall was having fallen ≥2 times (OR 4.0, CI 2.7 to 5.8) in the past year. Being black was protective for fall-related injury (OR 0.6, CI 0.4 to 0.9). No strong associations in risk factors were observed for injurious relative to non-injurious falls. Injurious falls were more likely to occur away from and outside of the home (p<0.05). Over half of those who injured self-managed their injury.Falling repeatedly is a powerful risk factor for injurious falls. Those who have fallen more than once should be prioritised for interventions to mitigate the risk of an injurious fall.
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Fall prevention
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The purpose of this study was to describe age differences for children 3 yr. old or less regarding the frequency of falling down stairs while being pushed in strollers, and frequencies of stroller incidents were compared for three age groups of children under 3 yr. of age. The first year is the time of highest risk based on the number of stroller incidents on stairs when compared to each of the next 2 years. 80% of the incidents involving children occurred between birth and 12 months. Safety recommendations to reduce risk are provided.
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