A global map of antimicrobial resistance in animals raised for food
Thomas P. Van BoeckelJoao Do Couto PiresCheng ZhaoReshma SilvesterMarius GilbertSebastian BonhoefferRamanan LaxminarayanJulia Song
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Event Abstract Back to Event A global map of antimicrobial resistance in animals raised for food Thomas P. Van Boeckel1*, Joao Do Couto Pires1, Cheng Zhao1, Reshma Silvester2, Marius Gilbert3, Sebastian Bonhoeffer1, Ramanan Laxminarayan2, 4 and Julia Song4 1 ETH Zürich, Switzerland 2 Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, United States 3 Free University of Brussels, Belgium 4 Princeton University, United States Background: Since the 1950s, the global increase in demand for meat and dairy has driven the use of antimicrobial drugs in agriculture. This practice has led to the development of antimicrobial resistance in animals and food products, with potentially harmful consequence for agricultural productivity, and human health. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), trends in AMR are poorly documented, and as a consequence the AMR status of LMICs remain largely unknow. On one hand, as in high-income countries, antimicrobials are used in LMICs to treat animals and as surrogates for poor hygiene on farms. AMR levels in LMICs could thus be exacerbated by lower biosecurity, less nutritious feed, and looser regulations on veterinary drugs. On the other hand, in LMICs, AMR levels may also be reduced by lower meat consumption and the very limited access to veterinary drugs in rural areas. Few works have attempted to disentangle the effect of those factors, and thus far, expert opinion has prevailed over an evidence-based assessment of the AMR status of LMICs. In this context, point prevalence surveys can be used as surrogates to systematic surveillance to provide a baseline of AMR levels, and guide interventions in LMICs. We extracted twelve thousand resistance rates from point prevalence surveys conducted in LMICs on common foodborne pathogens. Data on AMR was identified for Escherichia coli, non-Typhoidal Salmonella, Campylobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. Resistance rates were manually extracted and curated across all the studies in a public database named RESBANK. We accounted for potential differences in accuracy of antimicrobial susceptibility testing between regions using the WHO External Quality Control System, as well as for temporal revisions of the breakpoints used for susceptibility testing. For each study, we calculated the proportion of drugs tested with resistance levels higher than 50% (P50), and used ensemble geospatial modelling (stacked generalization) to produced global maps of P50, at 10Km resolution. From 2000 to 2018, the proportion of antimicrobials with resistance higher than 50% increased twofold in chickens, and threefold in pigs. China, Northeast and South India represented the largest hotspots of resistance, while new hotspots are emerging in Central India, Brazil, and Kenya. Our maps suggest that worldwide a substantial proportion of chicken, cattle and pigs are raised in hotspots of AMR in 2013. Interpretations: We report a rapid but geographically heterogenous increase of AMR in animals in LMICs. These trends call for urgent actions to preserve the efficacy of existing drugs used in animal agriculture, limit the future economic burden of AMR on farmers. Our global maps of AMR provide a baseline to outline priorities for interventions in LMICs, and monitor their efficacy in the future. Acknowledgements The Swiss National Science Foundation The Branco Weiss Foundation The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The Princeton University Health Ggand Challenges Program Keywords: maps, Species distribution models (SDM), Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), Low and Middle Income Countries, Kriging Conference: GeoVet 2019. Novel spatio-temporal approaches in the era of Big Data, Davis, United States, 8 Oct - 10 Oct, 2019. Presentation Type: Regular oral presentation Topic: Spatio-temporal surveillance and modeling approaches Citation: Van Boeckel TP, Do Couto Pires J, Zhao C, Silvester R, Gilbert M, Bonhoeffer S, Laxminarayan R and Song J (2019). A global map of antimicrobial resistance in animals raised for food. Front. Vet. Sci. Conference Abstract: GeoVet 2019. Novel spatio-temporal approaches in the era of Big Data. doi: 10.3389/conf.fvets.2019.05.00092 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 09 Jun 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Prof. Thomas P Van Boeckel, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland, thomas.vanboeckel@env.ethz.ch Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Thomas P Van Boeckel Joao Do Couto Pires Cheng Zhao Reshma Silvester Marius Gilbert Sebastian Bonhoeffer Ramanan Laxminarayan Julia Song Google Thomas P Van Boeckel Joao Do Couto Pires Cheng Zhao Reshma Silvester Marius Gilbert Sebastian Bonhoeffer Ramanan Laxminarayan Julia Song Google Scholar Thomas P Van Boeckel Joao Do Couto Pires Cheng Zhao Reshma Silvester Marius Gilbert Sebastian Bonhoeffer Ramanan Laxminarayan Julia Song PubMed Thomas P Van Boeckel Joao Do Couto Pires Cheng Zhao Reshma Silvester Marius Gilbert Sebastian Bonhoeffer Ramanan Laxminarayan Julia Song Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.Keywords:
Biosecurity
Biosecurity is important in preventing the spread of infectious diseases in animal production. Previous studies have identified a disparity between the biosecurity recommendations provided by veterinarians and the actual practices implemented by farmers. This study compared group discussions with a few key actors among Swedish pig veterinarians and farmers on pig farm biosecurity.
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Conclusions There are currently a few tools for the biosecurity assessment in farms. These tools rely on qualitative methods, which do not allow to perform a quantitative measure of biosecurity. Introduction Biosecurity on farms is considered essential to prevent the entry and/or transmission of disease, which could negatively affect production. Biosecurity is defined “as the implementation of measures that reduce the risk of disease agents being introduced and spread” (Bottoms, K. et al, 2009). The aim of this work is to review the different tools available for the assessment of biosecurity in farms and see if they fit correctly in the different productions in the world.
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Abstract Biosecurity is essential to protect against the negative effects of non-native invasive species. As part of the government’s ‘Biosecurity 2025’ Initiative to enlist all New Zealanders as biosecurity risk managers, Tauranga Moana has been named the ‘biosecurity capital’ of New Zealand. The initiative will involve large-scale citizen science, for reporting and management of pest and disease threats. In this context we measured baseline awareness, perceptions and behaviour around biosecurity among two key groups of respondents, the local community at Mount Maunganui (surrounding Tauranga’s port) and school children. An online survey was completed by 324 members of the local community, while 120 school children completed a survey about their biosecurity knowledge and behaviours after using a biosecurity education kit. Results indicate that while both groups report a relatively high level of understanding about the concept of biosecurity, and acknowledge it as extremely important, knowledge of current pest threats and correct biosecurity behaviours could be improved. Mount Maunganui community members rate their understanding of biosecurity as better than the average New Zealander, but are less likely to have taken regular biosecurity action in the past year. For school children, improved biosecurity efforts could be evidenced by more active pest monitoring, and greater discussion about biosecurity outside of school (e.g. with their family at home). Key enablers for achieving more impactful citizen science for biosecurity among these groups are targeted education, and practical advice about what they can do to help.
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As part of the ProAction on-farm program to implement national biosecurity requirements on dairy farms, Canadian veterinarians are called upon to complete biosecurity risk assessments. The objective of the present study was consequently to understand veterinarians' perceptions of biosecurity, and to compare perceptions among producer-veterinarian pairs. Questionnaires were administered to 106 producers from Quebec and their veterinarians (n = 82), and the answers of the producer-veterinarian pairs were compared. While most veterinarians reported it was easy to discuss biosecurity with their clients, most veterinarians and producers did not report discussing biosecurity. Moreover, when producers or veterinarians reported discussing biosecurity topics, there was no agreement amongst pairs. Veterinarians also misjudged how their clients perceived the importance and usefulness of biosecurity. Finally, veterinarians reported they had the knowledge and opportunity to assess and discuss biosecurity on dairy farms but lacked skills for evaluating farms and communicating their knowledge.
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