Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for assessment of vitamin D and calcium intake in Finnish adults.
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Food frequency questionnaire
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Previous studies have found a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in children, yet few validated dietary vitamin D assessment tools are available for use in children. Our objective was to determine whether a short food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) can effectively assess vitamin D intake in children. Vitamin D intake ascertained by a SFFQ was compared with assessments by a previously validated long food frequency questionnaire (LFFQ) in a population of 296 healthy 6- to 14-y-old children (54% male, 60% African American) from Pittsburgh, PA. The questionnaires were completed at two points 6 mo apart. Median reported daily vitamin D intake from the SFFQ (baseline: 380 IU, follow-up: 363 IU) was higher than the LFFQ (255 IU and 254 IU, respectively). Reported median dairy intake, including milk, cheese, and yogurt, was 3.7 cups/day, which meets the USDA recommendation for children. Vitamin D intake reported by the 2 questionnaires was modestly correlated at baseline and follow-up (r = 0.35 and r = 0.37, respectively; p < 0.001). These associations were stronger in Caucasians (r = 0.48 and r = 0.49, p < 0.001) than in African Americans (r = 0.27 and r = 0.31; p = 0.001). The sensitivity of the SFFQ for predicting daily vitamin D intake, defined as intake of ≥ 400 IU on both the SFFQ and LFFQ, was 65%. Specificity, defined as intake of < 400 IU on both questionnaires, was 42%. Vitamin D requirements may not be met despite adequate consumption of dairy products. The SFFQ was found to be a modestly valid and sensitive tool for dietary assessment of vitamin D intake in children.
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Dietary Reference Intake
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The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a vitamin D FFQ for assessment of dietary vitamin D intake in healthy adults in England, UK.The current study assessed the agreement between a four-day food diary (4 d-FD) and a new vitamin D FFQ to measure dietary intake of vitamin D. Dietary intake was estimated using Nutritics dietary analysis software, and Spearman's and Bland-Altman tests were utilised to assess correlation and agreement, respectively. Participants also provided a blood sample for plasma analysis of vitamin D concentrations.Home setting.Fifty participants were recruited to the study from the University of Chester and vicinity.Results showed a strong correlation between vitamin D intake recorded by the FFQ and the 4 d-FD (r = 0·609; P < 0·0001) within 95 % limits of agreement. Furthermore, a significant correlation between plasma 25(OH)D concentrations and vitamin D intake measured by the FFQ (r = 0·290, P = 0·041) and the 4 d-FD (r = 0·360, P = 0·01) was observed.Our analysis suggests this FFQ is a useful and rapid tool for researchers and health professionals to assess vitamin D dietary intakes in healthy adults in the UK.
Food frequency questionnaire
Bland–Altman plot
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Food frequency questionnaire
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The study objective was to validate a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K intakes in overweight and obese postmenopausal community-dwelling women. The FFQ was validated against intakes derived from a 5-day diet record (5DDR) that also included assessment of supplement intake. Strong correlations between methods were observed for all nutrients (r = 0.63, 0.89, 0.54 for calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K, respectively) and cross-classification analyses demonstrated no major misclassification of participants into intake quartiles. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the FFQ overestimated intakes for calcium, by 576 mg/day (95% CI, −668 to 1,821 mg/day), for vitamin D by 75 IU/day (95% CI, −359 to 510 IU/day), and for vitamin K by 167 mcg/day (95% CI, −233 to 568 mcg/day). This pilot study showed promising validation evidence for the use of this FFQ, which focuses on calcium, vitamin D and vitamin K intakes in postmenopausal women, as a screening tool in clinical and research settings.
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Valid dietary assessment tools to capture vitamin D intake from foods are required to facilitate research regarding the relationships among intake and status. To our knowledge, no prior study has validated a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for assessment of vitamin D intake in lactating women. The objective of this study was to validate the Willett FFQ, adapted for Canadians, for assessing vitamin D intake in lactating women. Healthy women (n=42) from Montreal completed a FFQ at 4 months postpartum and 24 hour dietary recalls at 1, 2.5, and 4 months postpartum. Fasted venous blood was collected for analysis of plasma 25‐ hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) by LIAISON® (Diasorin, Stillwater, MN). A subsample (n=7) completed the FFQ at baseline for reproducibility testing. Mean vitamin D intake was similar between FFQ and recalls (p>0.05). There was a significant correlation between FFQ and recalls for dietary and total vitamin D (p<0.01) but not between FFQ and 25(OH)D. Bland‐Altman analyses indicated a mean difference of −10 IU/d (LoA: 359, −380 IU) between dietary methods. Based on total vitamin D intake, 69% were classified into the same tertile with KW=0.63 between dietary methods and 45.2% were classified into the same tertile with KW=0.14 between FFQ and 25(OH)D. These findings suggest that the Canadian adapted Willet FFQ may be a valid tool for the assessment of vitamin D intake among lactating women. (Supported by CFDR).
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Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
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The aim of the study was to develop and validate a specific semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire to assess nutritional intake of Greek adolescents. The sample of the study consisted of 250 pupils (15.3±0.7 years), who completed the Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire enriched with 22 Greek foods and recipes to include ethnic and racial diversity. A 3-day weighed food recall was used as the criterion to test the validity of the questionnaire. The analysis of correlation revealed significant correlations between the two methods for almost all variables. The Pearson's coefficients ranged from 0.83 for energy intake to 0.34 for folate intake. Non-significant correlations were found for selenium and vitamin D intakes. The findings of the study provide evidence for the validity of the scale and its utility in assessing nutritional intake of Greek adolescents.
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