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    Diversity in finance: An overview
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    Abstract:
    Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag behandelt die Unterschiedlichkeit – oder Diversität – von Bank- und Finanzsystemen in Deutschland, der Europäischen Union und weltweit und deren Veränderungen im Zeitablauf. Damit wird zugleich die Frage angesprochen, ob sich die Bank- und Finanzsysteme im Zeitablauf aneinander angleichen. Allgemein wird vermutet, dass unter dem Einfluss der Globalisierung und der zunehmend international werdenden Regulierung Unterschiede immer mehr verschwinden und dass dies wirtschaftspolitisch wünschenswert ist. Der empirische Befund ist allerdings, dass das Ausmaß der Diversität in den letzten Jahren erstaunlich wenig abgenommen hat. Dies wirft die zwei Fragen auf, denen der zweite Teil des Beitrags gewidmet ist: Wie ist es zu erklären, dass sich eine höhere Diversität erhalten hat, als weithin vermutet wird, und wie ist Diversität im Finanzsektor zu bewerten? Dazu argumentiert der Verfasser, dass es angesichts der Tatsache, dass man nicht weiß und nicht wissen kann, welche Strukturen im Finanzsektor optimal sind, Diversität ökonomisch als vorteilhaft und damit als erhaltenswert einzustufen ist. Summary: This paper aspires to provide an overview of the issue of diversity of banking and financial systems and its development over time from a positive and a normative perspective. In other word: how different are banks within a given country and how much do banking systems and entire financial systems differ between countries and regions, and do in-country diversity and between-country diversity change over time, as one would be inclined to expect as a consequence of globalization and increasingly global standards of regulation? The general answer to these questions is that there is still today a surprisingly high level of diversity in finance. This raises the two questions addressed in the second part of the paper: How can the persistence of diversity be explained, and how can it be assessed? In contrast to prevailing views, the author argues that persistent diversity should be regarded as valuable in a context in which there is no clear answer to the question of which structures of banking and financial systems are optimal from an economic perspective.
    Globalization is a buzzword today encompassing every sphere of modern life denoting integration of economies under free trade, privatization and liberalization. Unlike many other theories, globalization has its merits along with its demerits especially for intensifying discrimination against different groups. In this regard, in a world irrespective of society and culture where a major portion of women posits a vulnerable and less-benefited role in every sphere of life, it is essential to inquire into the globalization process with a gender perspective. This process could be termed as ‘Gendering Globalization’, where different implications of globalization, whether positive, negative, or neutral would be critically examined in reference to different literature, research and compiled data theoretically. Following this methodology, this study endeavors to find out the effects and more importantly the process of globalization of gender. Finally, it gives some recommendations to relate growth, gender and globalization in a purpose of ‘Re-Gendering Globalization’ as a development goal.
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    The article examines the impact of the globalization process on modern Russia as a state and society. On the basis of the works of the classics of sociology, the concept of the globalization process is defined. The origins of globalization, its historical prerequisites, the development of globalization in the world are studied in detail. Using causal analysis, the underlying causes of the globalization process in today's environment are identified. The positive and negative aspects of globalization have been explored. The features of the globalization process in the current conditions have been identified. Based on the analysis, the US leadership role in the spread of globalization is concluded. The role of Russia as an object of globalization, the attitude of Western, primarily American adherents of globalization, is shown. The impact of the globalization process on modern Russian youth and economic, social, moral and other aspects of its existence is analyzed. The impact of globalization on the participation of young people in protest actions of youth public organizations is shown. The conclusion is made about the negative impact of globalization processes on modern Russian youth.
    With globalization going ahead quickly, anti-globalization is also surging high since the 1990' s. The foundation of anti-globalization arises from all kinds of faults and contradictions in the process of globalization. From the angle of anti-globalization, analysis of negative effections are given on economy, politics, culture and society in the process of globalization, which will help us get deeper understanding about abuse and developing tendency of globalization.
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    The concept of globalization has several dimensions. A misunderstanding of this nature of the term has promoted much confusion which this paper aims to clear. The clarification proceeds from an exposition of the assumptions of the idea of globalization as well as the presuppositions and motives of its proponents. The paper analyses the nature of globalization as a civilizing, destructive, and feeble phenomenon. This clarification is based on the distinction between the subjects and objects of globalization. The paper then contributes to the discourse on the merits and demerits of globalization. This contribution relates to the intended and unintended implications and, or, consequences of globalization. The paper eventually draws attention to major obstacles of globalization. The essence of this attention is to ensure that every necessary step is taken to make  globalization beneficial to all and sundry. The issues related to the title of the paper are considered under the following sections: Nature of  globalization, catalysts of globalization, consequences of globalization on third world countries, and major obstacles to globalization. Keywords : Globalization, Nature, Catalysts, Consequences, Obstacles.
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    The article analyzes the concept of “globalization” and studies the interna-tional community’s perception and awareness of “globalization”. The paper is intended to study the impact of globalization on the development and formation of international intergovernmental organizations. The role of international orga-nizations in current globalization processes is also considered.
    Castro has published many profound lectures and opinions about globalization and anti-globalization. He pays close attentions to globalization among the leaders in the Third World, and criticizes the vice of globalization fiercely. It is very important and necessary for us to study Castro's thoughts about globalization and anti-globalization, which help us to deepen the cognition of the essence and limitations of globalization as well as evil consequences imposed on Cuba and other developing countries.
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    This paper takes a theoretical examination on issues and concepts ofglobalization. From the study, it is discovered that globalization is like an�old wine� in a new bottle, except that the impact of globalization is moreoverwhelming than before because of advancement in technology,communication and transportation. The study further reveals some of thepros and cons of the practice of globalization. Some of the managementchallenges of globalization include: innovating better strategies to buildcompetitive advantage in a global environment, managing a diverseworkforce among others.
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    The paper analyzes globalization as a term and phenomenon that has spread to the world. Today, many people describe globalization as a natural force. It is describe what the conditions preceded it is emergence. These are the main bearers of globalization as a reason why globalization has emerged and expanded. The main theme of this paper is the consequences of globalization in the 21st century. Therefore, it listed some main consequences. Among these consequences some are positive while some are negative. Anti-globalization was the result of bad consequences , which means opposition to globalization. With the term anti-globalization there is also alter-globalization. Alternative globalization followers support globalization but at the same time they look for alternatives in terms of globalization.
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    Anti-globalization, an important and complicated phenomenon in the world, has tremendous effect on global economy and politics. To have an advisable recognition of globalization, it is significant to have an overall view of the positive and negative influences of globalization from the perspective of the features, manifestations, and problems of anti-globalization.
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