Degradation of PVC waste into a flexible polymer by chemical modification using DINP moieties
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We propose a chemical modification method to produce flexible PVC with DINP moieties.Keywords:
Degradation
Chemical modification
Polymer degradation
Surface Modification
Abstract Pristine multiwall carbon nanotubes [MWCNTs] have been functionalized with various groups (-COOH, -SO 3 H, -PO 3 H 2 ) using different single- and double-step chemical routes. Various chemical treatments were given to MWCNTs using hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, and sulphuric acids, followed by a microwave treatment. The effect of the various chemical treatments and the dispersion using a surfactant via ultrasonication on the functionalization of MWCNTs has been studied. The results obtained have been compared with pristine MWCNTs. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray [EDX] spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy confirm the dispersion and functionalization of MWCNTs. Their extent of functionalization with -SO 3 H and -PO 3 H 2 groups from the EDX spectra has been observed to be higher for the samples functionalized with a double-step chemical route and a single-step chemical route, respectively. The I D / I G ratio calculated from Raman data shows a maximum defect concentration for the sample functionalized with the single-step chemical treatment using nitric acid. The dispersion of MWCNTs with the surfactant, Triton X-100, via ultrasonication helps in their unbundling, but the extent of functionalization mainly depends on the chemical route followed for their treatment. The functionalized carbon nanotubes can be used in proton conducting membranes for fuel cells.
Surface Modification
Chemical modification
Sonication
Nitric acid
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Degradation
Photodegradation
Polymer degradation
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In the light of current problems in preparation and application of superfine powder,new methods of surface modification such as coating modification,chemical modification,mechanochemical modification,micro encapsulation modification,high energy modification,precipitation modification etc,are introduced.Common modification equipments and modification agents for the surface modification of superfine powder are introduced and their development trends are also pointed out.The influential factors of surface modification are discussed and the prospects of surface modification technology are forecasted.
Surface Modification
Chemical modification
Weather modification
Lifestyle modification
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The prelims comprise: Introduction Physical Degradation of Polymers Chemical Degradation of Polymers Stabilization of Polymers Against Oxidation Photo-Degradation and Photo-Oxidation Photo-Stabilization of Polymers Loss of Stabilizing Additives Hydrolytic and Biological Degradation of Polymers Prediction of Polymer Lifetimes References
Degradation
Polymer degradation
Hydrolytic degradation
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Degradation
Polymer degradation
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The process of surface modification of the aluminum powder is very important in the production of functional aluminum powder. According to the means and the functions of modification, the main methods of surface modification including mechanochemical modification, oxidation modification, surface chemical modification, encapsulation modification, coating modification and deposition modification were described.
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Chemical modification
Powder coating
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Abstract The reader will find basic knowledge about the degradation of polymers, its causes, course and consequences in a broader context, as indicated through the list of the chapter titles: Introduction; Depolymerization; Initiated cleavage (degradation) of macromolecules; Thermal degradation; Photochemical degradation; Mechanochemical degradation; Oxidative degradation; Polymer burning; Kinetics of cleaving macromolecules when chain depolymerization is negligible; Degradation in polymer recycling; Protection of polymers against degradation.
Depolymerization
Degradation
Polymer degradation
Chain scission
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Degradation
Polymer degradation
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Abstract The degradation of polymers under a wide range of conditions is reviewed. Purely thermal degradation, in inert atmospheric conditions, defines the ultimate stability of a polymer in the absence of other degradative influences. The mechanisms of degradation are shown to include depolymerization, random scission, and rearrangement of functional groups. Their relative importance is dependent upon temperature and polymer structure. Degradation in air is more relevant to service use of polymers and is shown to involve the formation and reaction of hydroperoxides; effects on mechanical properties are reviewed. Photo‐oxidation is shown to be dependent on whether the polymer is intrinsically light absorbing or absorbs via chromophoric impurities. Photoinitiated generation of radicals leads to oxidation chemistry accompanied by photolysis reactions of the products. Degradation by high energy radiation, hydrolytic degradation, and degradation by microorganisms (biodegradation) are briefly reviewed, as are methods of accelerating degradation.
Depolymerization
Degradation
Polymer degradation
Chemical decomposition
Inert
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Chemical functionalization is an effective means of tuning the electronic and crystal structure of a two-dimensional material, but very little is known regarding the correlation between thermal transport and chemical functionalization. Based on the first-principles calculation and an iterative solution of the Boltzmann transport equation, we find that antimonene is a potential excellent thermal material with relatively low thermal conductivity k, and furthermore, chemical functionalization can make this value of k decrease greatly. More interestingly, the origin of the reduction in k is not the anharmonic interaction but the harmonic interaction from the depressed phonon spectrum mechanism, and for some chemical functional atom in halogen, flat modes appearing in the low frequency range play also a key factor in the reduction of k by significantly increasing the three-phonon scattering channels. Our work provides a new view to adjust thermal transport which can benefit thermal material design, and analyzes the reduction mechanism in k from the chemical functionalization of antimonene.
Surface Modification
Chemical modification
Crystal (programming language)
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