Examining the relationship between household air pollution and infant microbial nasal carriage in a Ghanaian cohort
Daniel CarriónSeyram KaaliPatrick L. KinneySeth Owusu‐AgyeiSteven N. ChillrudAbena YawsonAshlinn QuinnBlair J. WylieKenneth Ayuurebobi Ae-NgibiseAlison LeeRafal TokarzLuisa IddrisuDarby JackKwaku Poku Asante
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Abstract:
Pneumonia, a leading cause of childhood mortality, is associated with household air pollution (HAP) exposure. Mechanisms between HAP and pneumonia are poorly understood, but studies suggest that HAP may increase the likelihood of bacterial, instead of viral, pneumonia. We assessed the relationship between HAP and infant microbial nasal carriage among 260 infants participating in the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS). Data are from GRAPHS, a cluster-randomized controlled trial of cookstove interventions (improved biomass or LPG) versus the 3-stone (baseline) cookstove. Infants were surveyed for pneumonia during the first year of life and had routine personal exposure assessments. Nasopharyngeal swabs collected from pneumonia cases (n = 130) and healthy controls (n = 130) were analyzed for presence of 22 common respiratory microbes by MassTag polymerase chain reaction. Data analyses included intention-to-treat (ITT) comparisons of microbial species presence by study arm, and exposure-response relationships. In ITT analyses, 3-stone arm participants had a higher mean number of microbial species than the LPG (LPG: 2.71, 3-stone: 3.34, p < 0.0001, n = 260). This difference was driven by increased bacterial (p < 0.0001) rather than viral species presence (non-significant). Results were pronounced in pneumonia cases and attenuated in healthy controls. Higher prevalence bacterial species were Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. Exposure-response relationships did not yield significant associations between measured CO and nasal microbial carriage. Our intention-to-treat findings are consistent with a link between HAP and bacterial nasal carriage. No relationships were found for viral carriage. Given the null results in exposure-response analysis, it is likely that a pollutant besides CO is driving these differences.Keywords:
Carriage
Bacterial pneumonia
Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis
The activity of gemifloxacin against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis was compared to those of 11 other agents. All quinolones were very active (MICs,
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Antibodies against nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis were measured by ELISA in paired sera from 158 adult patients with pneumonia. A mixture of 10 clinical isolates of each species was used as antigen. Eleven patients (7%) showed significant increases in antibody to H. influenzae. In 3 of them, the organism was isolated from transtracheal aspirate and in another 7 from sputum, nasopharynx, or both. Six patients with nonencapsulated H. influenzae in transtracheal aspirate cultures did not show any antibody increase. Six patients had significant increases in antibody to M. catarrhalis. The organism was isolated in transtracheal aspirates from 1 of them and in sputum and nasopharynx (or both) from another 3. Two patients with M. catarrhalis in transtracheal aspirate cultures showed no antibody response. In conclusion, the serologic methods increased the possibility to diagnose infections caused by the two agents but had low sensitivity.
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ObjectivesTo determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis causing community-acquired respiratory tract infections in the UK and Ireland from 1999/2000 to 2006/07.
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Taxonomic Review: Family Moraxellaceae
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Acinetobacter
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Moraxella
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Moraxella nonliquefaciens
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Moraxella lacunata
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Moraxella osloensis
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Minor Species
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Animal-Associated Species
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Moraxella (Branhamella) Catarrhalis
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Acknowledgments
Keywords:
Acinetobacter and Moraxella;
genus Moraxella-several taxonomic revisions;
Acinetobacters-saprophytic and ubiquitous;
virulence and pathogenic factors;
management, therapeutic options and susceptibility testing;
Moraxella nonliquefaciens-commonly isolated species of genus;
M. catarrhalis-gram-negative diplococci;
M. catarrhalis-susceptible to penicillin and β-lactamase negative
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Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis are bacterial species which frequently co-colonise the nasopharynx, but can also transit to the middle ear to cause otitis media. Chronic otitis media is often associated with a polymicrobial infection by these bacteria. However, despite being present in polymicrobial infections, the molecular interactions between these bacterial species remain poorly understood. We have previously reported competitive interactions driven by pH and growth phase between H . influenzae and S . pneumoniae . In this study, we have revealed competitive interactions between the three otopathogens, which resulted in reduction of H . influenzae viability in co-culture with S . pneumoniae and in triple-species culture. Transcriptomic analysis by mRNA sequencing identified a central role of arginine in mediating these interactions. Arginine supplementation was able to increase H . influenzae survival in a dual-species environment with S . pneumoniae , and in a triple-species environment. Arginine was used by H . influenzae for ATP production, and levels of ATP generated in dual- and triple-species co-culture at early stages of growth were significantly higher than the combined ATP levels of single-species cultures. These results indicate a central role for arginine-mediated ATP production by H . influenzae in the polymicrobial community.
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Objective:The study was intended to research the epidemiology of the infection of Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis,and to provide essential information for looking for the methods of preventing and controlling the three pathogens.Methods:600 cases of normal children at the age of 12~18 months from the five surveillance points in Dongguan city were investigated.The nasopharyngeal specimens were cultured and separated on the Blood media and Chocolate media.The pure strains were indentified by biochemical reactions.Results:The detection rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae,Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis were 19.2%(115/600),4.2%(25/600) and 17.3%(104/600),respectively.Conclusion:The detection rate of Moraxella catarrhalis is 7.0%(21/300) in the summer,and 27.7%(83/300) in the winter.It is different remarkably in different seasons.The difference of the three pathogens in the different place is not observably.
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According to studies based on bacterial cultures of middle ear fluids, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis have been the most common pathogens in acute otitis media. However, bacterial culture can be affected by reduced viability or suboptimal growth of bacteria. PCR detects bacterial DNA from samples with greater sensitivity than culture. In the present study, we analyzed the middle ear pathogens with both conventional culture and semiquantitative real-time PCR in 90 middle ear fluid samples obtained from children aged 5 to 42 months during acute otitis media episodes. Samples were tested for the presence of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, Alloiococcus otitidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa One or more bacterial pathogens were detected in 42 (47%) samples with culture and in 69 (77%) samples with PCR. According to PCR analysis, M. catarrhalis results were positive in 42 (47%) samples, H. influenzae in 30 (33%), S. pneumoniae in 27 (30%), A. otitidis in 6 (6.7%), S. aureus in 5 (5.6%), and P. aeruginosa in 1 (1.1%). Multibacterial etiology was seen in 34 (38%) samples, and M. catarrhalis was detected in most (85%) of those cases. Fifteen signals for M. catarrhalis were strong, suggesting a highly probable etiological role of the pathogen. In conclusion, even though M. catarrhalis is often a part of mixed flora in acute otitis media, a considerable proportion of cases may be primarily attributable to this pathogen.
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ABSTRACT The in vitro activity of ABT-773 was evaluated against Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , and Moraxella catarrhalis isolates. ABT-773 was the most active antimicrobial tested against S. pneumoniae . ABT-773 and azithromycin were equivalent in activity against H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis and more active than either clarithromycin or erythromycin.
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ABSTRACT We assessed the impact of the use of nasal swabs or nasopharyngeal aspirates and the time from specimen collection to storage at −70°C on bacterial isolation. Haemophilus influenzae was isolated significantly less often from swabs than from nasopharyngeal aspirates. Samples in transit for >3 days were half as likely to grow Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae as those in transit for ≤3 days. There was no statistically significant difference for either Moraxella catarrhalis or Staphylococcus aureus .
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