Effects of Glutamine Supplementation on Broiler Performance and Intestinal Immune Parameters During an Experimental Coccidiosis Infection
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine supplementation on performance and intestinal immune parameters of broilers during an experimental coccidiosis infection. There were 3 glutamine supplementation levels in this study: 0, 0.5, and 1.0%. At 14 d of age, each bird was given an oral gavage of 20X dose of Coccivac B52 suspended in distilled water. IFN-γ mRNA levels were downregulated 11.8- and 2.0-fold in the jejunum and 8.1- and 7.9-fold in the cecal tonsils of birds supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0% glutamine at 21 d, respectively, compared to that in the birds fed 0% supplemental glutamine (P = 0.06 and P = 0.01, respectively). At 21 d of age, IL-10 mRNA levels were downregulated in the jejunum of the birds supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0% having a 25.3- and a 1.5-fold lower level, respectively (P < 0.05). Glutamine supplementation significantly increased claudin-1, claudin-2, and zonula occuloden-1 mRNA expression (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.01; respectively). The birds fed glutamine at 0.5 and 1.0% had reduced (P < 0.01) crypt depths (84 and 117%, respectively) and increased (P < 0.01) villus height to crypt depth ratios (97 and 161%, respectively) compared to the control group. No significant effects (P > 0.05) were observed on any performance parameter or T-cell population percentages. This study shows that glutamine supplementation upregulated tight junction protein gene expression, improved intestinal morphology, and downregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. In conclusion, these results indicate that dietary glutamine supplementation can improve intestinal health in birds challenged with an experimental coccidiosis infection.Keywords:
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Abstract The mucosal surface area of the guinea pig duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was determined during development, in three age groups: 1‐day‐old and 2‐ and 12‐week‐old animals. The morphometric analysis was performed at three magnification levels. The nominal surface area was determined at the macroscopic level, from intestinal length and perimeter. Villus and microvillus amplification factors were estimated at light‐microscopic and transmission electron‐microscopic levels, respectively. We found: (1) an increase in the nominal surface area that is maximal in the ileum (7.7‐fold); (2) an increase in the villus amplification factor in the duodenum (1.4‐fold) and a decline in the jejunum and ileum (0.8‐fold), although in the jejunum villus dimensions rise; and (3) a similar increase in the microvillus amplification factor in the three segments (1.1‐ to 1.4‐fold). In conclusion, the total mucosal surface area increased from day 1 to week 12, by 3‐fold in the duodenum and jejunum and by 8‐fold in the ileum. Regionally, the jejunum shows the largest mucosal surface area, followed by the ileum, and, finally, the duodenum. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:206–214, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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During the postnatal development of mice, intestinal β-galactosidase activity (0.001 M o-nitrophenyl β-D-galactoside as substrate) is always higher at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.5. In the jejunum a steady decrease of activity during postnatal development is evident, whereas in the ileum the activity increases temporarily and later decreases. The changes in rabbits are more complicated. At pH 5.5 there is a steady decrease of β-galactosidase activity in the ileum and jejunum, but at pH 3.5 there is a steady decrease in activity in jejunum only; in ileum, first an increase is observed and then a decrease. In guinea pigs the activity in newborn animals is relatively very low, and only a small decrease during postnatal development is found. During postnatal development, the activity decreases less at pH 3.5 than at pH 5.5. In contrast to mice and rabbits, guinea pigs showed no substantial differences between jejunum and ileum in all the age groups studied.The results are discussed from the point of view of significance of differences between the jejunum and the ileum, and the existence of several types of β-galactosidase activity.
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The addition of ginger and milk powder rejected in the feed can improve the work of organs in digestion. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the effect of adding ginger and milk powder rejected in the ration at different levels on the internal organ profile of broiler chickens. The method used in this study was a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern with 3 treatments (factor A) and 4 treatments (factor B) using 2 replications for each replication or the experimental unit containing 2 chickens. The variables measured in this study were liver weight percentage, small intestine segment weight percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) and small intestine segment length percentage (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). The results showed that there was an interaction between the addition of ginger and milk powder rejected on the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, as well as the percentage of jejunum and ileum length. The single factor addition of ginger gave a significant effect on the percentage of liver weight, the percentage of jejunum and ileum weight, and the percentage of jejunum length. the single factor giving rejected milk powder had a significant effect on the percentage of the weight of the duodenum and the percentage of the weight of the jejunum.
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Decrease in serum total cholesterol was noted in albino rats fed with low protein diet. Decrease was also noted in the tissues like liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum in high protein diet, and jejunum and ileum in low protein diet. There was an increase of serum free cholesterol in low protein diet. All the tissues studied had less free cholesterol in high protein diet. Jejunum showed a decrease in low protein diet also. Serum total cholesterol increased in high fat diet. Free cholesterol increased in both the cases. Tissue total cholesterol was raised in low and high fat diets in liver, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Free cholesterol was raised in duodenum and ileum in both high and low fat diets while that of liver and jejunum was increased only in low fat group.
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Controversy remains regarding which residual segment, namely the jejunum or ileum, is more beneficial for intestinal adaptation in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). The aim of our study is to evaluate the residual intestinal adaptation after a massive small intestinal resection and thereby determine which of the two residual segments demonstrates a better intestinal adaptation.The SBS rats underwent about a 70% resection of either the jejunum or ileum, respectively. Sham rats underwent an ileal transection with a subsequent reanastomosis of the same portion. The body weight was measured every day after the operation. Two weeks after the operation, all rats were sacrificed. The intestinal length, the hematological and serum chemical data, and the histological findings of the residual intestine were investigated in all rats to evaluate the intestinal adaptation.The body weight gain in the rats with the residual ileum (ileum group) was similar to that of the Sham group and better than that of the rats with residual jejunum (jejunum group). The length of the residual intestines in the jejunum group was longer than that in both the sham and ileum groups. Regarding hematological and serum chemical studies, the jejunum group tended to demonstrate more anemia and malnutrition than both the sham and ileum groups. In a histological study, the villous height in both the jejunum and ileum groups was significantly larger than in the preoperative condition. In both groups, the degree of crypt depth only significantly increased in the ileum group in comparison to the preoperative condition. Regarding the thickness of the muscular layers, a no difference was observed among all groups.Based on our data, in patients with SBS, the use of the residual ileum was therefore found to be preferable to that of the residual jejunum regarding intestinal adaptation.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the difference of mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporter rBAT(system b0,+),y+LAT2(system y+L),CAT1(system y+)and CAT4(system y+) in different intestinal segments of chicken by relative quantitative RT-PCR.Yellow covered chickens at age of 30 days were used and the different intestinal segments were collected.The result showed: rBAT and y+LAT2 mRNA abundance in colorectum were significant lower than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.01).rBAT and y+LAT2 mRNA expression in ileum were higher than in duodenum and jejunum,but had no significant difference among them(P0.05);The expression of CAT1 mRNA in colorectum was very significantly higher than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.01).Expression abundance in ileum was higher than in jejunum significantly(P0.01) and higher than duodenum by 27.9 %(P=0.111).Same as CAT1 mRNA,the expression of CAT4 mRNA in colorectum was higher than that of duodenum,jejunum and ileum significantly(P0.01);There was no difference among duodenum,jejunum and ileum(P0.05).The result indicates that the tissue-specific of transporter mRNA expression of cationic amino acid transporter system b0,+ and system y+LAT2 are similar and discriminated with that of system y+.
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Summary The intestinal morphology of 7‐week‐old pigs was investigated by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The piglets were fed either a semisynthetic or a cereal‐based diet. The shapes of the intestinal villi and crypts of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were examined. The villi were predominantly tongue‐shaped. In the duodenum they were also ridged, branched and folded, and in the jejunum they were also leaf‐like and ridged. At places with lymph follicles, the surface of the ileum was rugged with meandering fold‐like villi. The crypts of the three segments of the small intestine were mainly coiled and sometimes branched. A novel morphometric evaluation method was introduced using the enlargement factors of each villus and crypt surface. The enlargement factor for the villus surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 3.13, 3.72 and 2.71, respectively. The factor for the crypt surface of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 9.07, 8.94 and 6.53, respectively. Furthermore, the relative proliferation rate and the epithelial renewal index were calculated for the first time. The relative proliferation rate of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum was 32.88, 34.78 and 50.77 proliferations per mm crypt perimeter, respectively. The diets consumed had an influence on the epithelial renewal index being higher for piglets fed the cereal‐based diets.
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Epithelial cell kinetics were studied in an ileal segment after transposition to proximal jejunum. The number of cells per villus column in the transposed ileum increased after 4--7 days to reach values normal for jejunum after 14--30 days. This increase was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of cells per crypt column up to 130% of values in jejunum and ileum in situ. The percentage of labelled crypt cells, after labelling with 3H-thymidine, and the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt in the transposed ileum did not differ from values in the ileum in situ at any time interval after surgery. The total proliferative activity per crypt, which was determined by scintillation counting of isolated crypts after 3H-thymidine labelling, increased two-fold from 7 days after surgery. Cell migration studies showed that the increase in the number of villus cells was probably not caused by a change in the life span of the epithelial cells. It seems that the increase in the number of villus cells in ileal epithelium after transposition to proximal jejunum is brought about by an enlargement of the crypt, while the relative size of the proliferative cell compartment in the crypt remains unchanged.
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