Risk of breast cancer and adipose tissue concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides: a hospital-based case-control study in Chinese women
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Background: It is hypothesized that sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) increase the risk of HIV acquisition. Yet difficulties establishing an accurate temporal relation and controlling confounders have obscured this relationship. In an attempt to overcome prior methodologic shortcomings, we explored the use of different study designs to examine the relationship between STDs and HIV acquisition. Methods: Acutely HIV-infected patients were included as cases and compared with (1) HIV-uninfected patients (matched case-control), (2) newly diagnosed chronically HIV-infected patients (infected analysis), and (3) themselves at prior clinic visits when they tested HIV negative (case crossover). We used t tests to compare the average number of STDs and logistic regression to determine independent correlates and the odds of acute HIV infection. Results: Between October 2003 and March 2007, 13,662 male patients who had sex with men were tested for HIV infection at San Francisco's municipal STD clinic and 350 HIV infections (2.56%) were diagnosed. Among the HIV-infected patients, 36 cases (10.3%) were identified as acute. We found consistently higher odds of having had an STD within the 12 months [matched case-control, odds ratio 5.2 (2.2-12.6); infected analysis, odds ratio 1.4 (1.0-2.0); and case crossover, odds ratio 1.3 (0.5-3.1)] and 3 months [matched case-control, odds ratio 34.5 (4.1-291.3); infected analysis, odds ratio 2.3 (1.1-4.8); and case crossover, odds ratio 1.8 (0.6-5.6)] before HIV testing among acutely HIV-infected patients. We found higher odds of acute HIV infection among patients with concurrent rectal gonorrhea [17.0 (2.6-111.4), P < 0.01] or syphilis [5.8 (1.1-32.3), P = 0.04] when compared with those HIV-uninfected patients. Conclusions: Acute HIV infection was associated with a recent or concurrent STD, particularly rectal gonorrhea, among men at San Francisco's municipal STD clinic. Given the complex relationship between STDs and HIV infection, no single design will appropriately control for all the possible confounders; studies using complementary designs are required.
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The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for admission to hospital with stroke by means of a case-control study recruiting age- and sex-matched controls from the local community. Four hundred pairs of patients and controls were recruited. Of historical factors, preceding cerebrovascular disease contributed the greatest odds of stroke (odds ratio 9.8). Taking prescribed medicines (odds ratio 2.6), regular snoring (odds ratio 3.2), smoking (odds ratio 1.7) and some factors in the family history were also significant risk factors.
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Abstract.Background: In previous studies, diet has been shown to be associated with cataract. However, no study to date has focused on the association between inflammatory potential of diet and cataract. Objectives: In this case-control study conducted in Iran, we examined the association of the dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and cataract. Methods: This case-control study included 97 cataract cases and 198 healthy controls hospitalized for acute non-neoplastic diseases with the control group matched according to age (with a five-year interval) and sex with the case group. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed by a previously validated food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), with the DII analyzed as both continuous and as tertiles. Energy was adjusted using the residual method. Results: Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e., with a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher odds of cataract, with the DII being used as both a continuous variable (ORcontinuous 1.51, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.13 – 2.03; one unit increase corresponding to ≈18% of its range in the current study) and as tertiles (ORtertile3vs1 2.67, 95%CI 1.32 – 5.48, Ptrend = 0.002). Conclusions: These results indicate that a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with increased risk of cataract. Additional studies should be conducted to further explore this association.
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Solvent exposure
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A case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors (Part of job, Obesity, Alcohol, Smoking, Milk, Salt. and Family history) for hypertension. We selected 330 hypertension cases (male;247, female;83) and 1,336 controls (male;887, female;449) from employees in Taegu city from 1 May to 30 November, 1908. Data was analysed using a logistic regression model. Statistically significant elevated odds ratio were noted for alcohol (odds ratio=3.23), obesity (odds ratio=2.31), salt(odds ratio=1.75) in male (p
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Purpose To further examine a preliminary association between smoking and the subsequent development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Method 74 Consecutive patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma served as cases and 131 consecutive patients with pleomorphic adenomas of the parotid gland as controls. A smoking history of every patient was obtained, and calculation of an odds ratio (OR) was carried out. In order to exclude sex and age as possible confounders, the odds ratio was recalculated. Results In the entire study population, there were 43 smokers and 31 nonsmokers in the cases and 29 smokers and 102 nonsmokers in the controls. An odds ratio of 4.9 was determined in favor of the association between smoking and oral squamous carcinoma ( P 0.005). In males only, there were 35 smokers and 11 nonsmokers in the cases and 20 smokers and 38 nonsmokers in the controls, with an odds ratio of 6.0 ( P 0.005). In the patients over 45 years of age, there were 34 smokers and 15 nonsmokers in the cases and 17 smokers and 40 nonsmokers in the controls, with an odds ratio of 5.3( P 0.005). Conclusion Smoking may be one of the etiologic factors associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Abstract Background: Alcohol consumption increases breast cancer risk. Some studies suggested that this association is stronger or limited to tumors expressing estrogen receptors (ER). Methods: We investigated the role of alcohol according to ER and progesterone receptor (PR) status in a case-control study on breast cancer conducted from 1991 to 1994 in three Italian areas. Cases were 989 women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer. Controls were 1,350 women admitted to hospitals in the same catchment areas for acute nonneoplastic diseases. A validated food-frequency questionnaire was used to collect information on dietary habits and lifetime consumption of various alcoholic beverages. Multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Alcohol drinking was associated with ER+ tumors (odds ratio, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.68-2.76 for an intake of ≥13.8 g/d as compared with nondrinkers). The odds ratio was 1.13 (95% CI, 1.07-1.20) for a 10-g increase in daily intake. For ER- tumors, the relation with alcohol consumption was not significant (odds ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.93-2.01). When breast cancers were further classified according to PR, the findings for ER+PR+ cancers were similar to those for all ER+ ones, with an odds ratio of 2.34 (95% CI, 1.81-3.04) for an intake of ≥13.8 g/d. No significant association emerged for ER-PR- tumors (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.81-1.94). Conclusion: This study supports the hypothesis that alcohol is more strongly related to ER+ than to ER- breast tumors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):2025–8)
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To review the evidence for risk factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), we pooled and reanalyzed the raw data of three case-control studies. The pooled data set comprised 178 patients and 333 control subjects. The strength of association between CJD and putative risk factors was assessed by computing the odds ratio as estimate of the relative risk. The risk of CJD was statistically significantly increased for subjects with a family history of CJD (odds ratio = 19.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 348.0). Further, there was a significant association between the risk of CJD and a history of psychotic disease (odds ratio = 9.9; 95% CI 1.1 to 86.1). Although not significantly increased, there was an elevated risk of CJD for subjects with a family history of dementia, a history of poliomyelitis, subjects employed as health professionals, and subjects ever exposed to cows and sheep. No association could be shown with organ meat consumption, including brain. The negative results of this reanalysis reassures the absence of a common risk factor in all CJD patients. However, the ongoing epidemiologic surveillance of CJD in several European countries may provide more evidence to exclude any environmental exposure early in childhood.
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We compared four methods of control selection to assess the effect of using infants with malformations as controls in case-control studies of birth defects. We identified cases and controls using data from the Slone Epidemiology Unit Births Defect Study for the years 1976-1992. Cases were defined as infants with cleft lip and palate and no other malformations (N = 494). Controls (N = 8356) were chosen from infants with other malformations, excluding other oral cleft conditions or syndromes associated with clefts. Maternal smoking during the first 13 weeks of pregnancy was the exposure of interest. We then assessed the measures of association resulting from using controls with varying restrictions. When we excluded all defects potentially associated with maternal smoking (based on reports in the literature), the crude odds ratio for smoking and oral cleft risk was 1.6 (1.3-1.9). When we eliminated all defect groups with a smoking prevalence that was one or more standard deviations above or below the total control group mean, the odds ratio was 1.5 (1.2-1.8); with controls restricted to infants with Mendelian-inherited disorders (with presumably no causal effect of smoking), the odds ratio was 1.6 (1.1-2.7); and when selection was unrestricted, the crude odds ratio was 1.5 (1.2-1.8). When used selectively, infants with malformations other than the anomaly of interest can be a suitable source of controls.
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