Stereological Study on the Effects of Maternal Caffeine Consumption on Histomorphometric Changes of Testis and Prostate in Rat Offspring
Mahboubeh Belali KharajiMaryam YadegariM Hosseini SharifabadMorteza AnvariAbolghasem Abbasi SarcheshmehHengameh Dortaj
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Stereological Study on the Effects of Maternal Caffeine Consumption on Histomorphometric Changes of Testis and Prostate in Rat OffspringKeywords:
Stereology
This review article introduces the formation and development of stereology in China under the background of the development of international stereology. In the early 1970s, some stereological monographs and collections were introduced into China, and Chinese scholars began to understand, study and promote stereology knowledge. Meanwhile, the widespread use of image analysis systems has contributed to the spread of stereology in China. On the other hand, academic exchanges and personnel training have played a catalytic role in the formation of stereology in China. According to China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) statistics, the number and impact of Chinese papers in stereology continues to grow during the past 30 years. After in-depth discussion, Chinese scholars have adopted a broader definition of stereology. With economic development and technological progress, China has great potential to develop, promote and apply the stereological methods and the related technologies.
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A technical challenge in translational models of kidney injury is determination of the extent of cell death. Histologic sections are commonly analyzed by area morphometry or unbiased stereology, but stereology requires specialized equipment. Therefore, a challenge to rigorous quantification would be addressed by an unbiased stereology tool with reduced equipment dependence. We hypothesized that it would be feasible to build a novel software component which would facilitate unbiased stereologic quantification on scanned slides, and that unbiased stereology would demonstrate greater precision and decreased bias compared with 2D morphometry.We developed a macro for the widely used image analysis program, Image J, and performed cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR, a model of acute cardiorenal syndrome) in mice. Fluorojade-B stained kidney sections were analyzed using three methods to quantify cell death: gold standard stereology using a controlled stage and commercially-available software, unbiased stereology using the novel ImageJ macro, and quantitative 2D morphometry also using the novel macro.There was strong agreement between both methods of unbiased stereology (bias -0.004±0.006 with 95% limits of agreement -0.015 to 0.007). 2D morphometry demonstrated poor agreement and significant bias compared to either method of unbiased stereology.Unbiased stereology is facilitated by a novel macro for ImageJ and results agree with those obtained using gold-standard methods. Automated 2D morphometry overestimated tubular epithelial cell death and correlated modestly with values obtained from unbiased stereology. These results support widespread use of unbiased stereology for analysis of histologic outcomes of injury models.
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This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction What is Stereology? Generating a Representative Sample in Stereology: Systematic Uniform Random Sampling Questionnaire in Stereology: Geometric Probes Why Stereology? Accuracy, Precision, Variance, and Efficiency When Stereology? Stereological Estimators as Solutions to Common Quantitative Endpoints in Neurotoxicology The Fractionator Principle Optical Disector and Optical Fractionator Optical Disector and Optical Fractionator Estimation of Total Myelinated Nerve Fiber Number and Absolute Size Distribution Conclusions Recommended Reading
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Caffeine is a widely consumed pharmacologically active substance around the world, Caffeine is a purine alkaloid derived from methylxanthine that is readily permeable through the blood-brain barrier and stimulates the adenosine receptors in the brain leading to its central nervous system stimulant activity. Most people regulate their caffeine consumption in accordance with the objective and subjective effects produced from the methylxanthine, However, individual response to caffeine varies greatly from person to person due to the variation in metabolism, age, sex, hormones, clearance, weight, genes, medicine intake and smoking behavior, therefore the amount of caffeine required to achieve the desired effect also varies greatlyand Since that the coffee beans are the world's primary sources of dietary caffeine this study was designed to determine the percent of the caffeine in different commercial coffee brands, the isolated caffeine was identified by different qualitative methods like TLC, and FTIR.
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Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to test the stereology method using several grid sizes for measuring liver volume and to find which grid provides an accurate estimate of liver volume. Materials and methods Liver volume was measured by volumetry in 41 sets of liver MRI. MRI was performed before and after different weight-reducing regimens. Grids of 3, 4, 5, and 6 cm were used to measure liver volume on different occasions by stereology. The liver volume and the changes in volume before and after treatment were compared between stereology and volumetry. Results There was no significant difference in measurements between stereology methods and volumetry ( p > 0.05). The mean differences in liver volume between stereology based on 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-cm grids and volumetry were 37, 3, 132, and 23 mL, respectively, and the differences in measurement of liver volume change were 21, 2, 19, and 76 mL, respectively. The mean time required for measurement by stereology was 59–190 s. Conclusion Stereology employing 3- and 4-cm grids can rapidly provide accurate results for measuring liver volume and changes in liver volume. Main Messages • Statistical methods can be used for measuring area/volume in radiology . • Measuring liver volume by stereology by 4-cm grids can be done in less than two minutes . • Follow-up of liver volume is highly accurate with stereological methods .
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Abstract: Stereology is a set of mathematical and statistical tools to estimate three‐dimensional (3‐D) characteristics of objects from regular two‐dimensional (2‐D) sections. In medicine and biology, it can be used to estimate features such as cell volume, cell membrane surface area, total length of blood vessels per volume tissue and total number of cells. The unbiased quantification of these 3‐D features allows for a better understanding of morphology in vivo compared with 2‐D methods. This review provides an introduction to the field of stereology with specific emphasis on the application of stereology to dermatological research by supplying a short insight into the theoretical basis behind the technique and presenting previous dermatological studies in which stereology was an integral part. Both the theory supporting stereology and a practical approach in a dermatological setting are reviewed with the aim to provide the reader with the capability to better assess papers employing stereological estimators and to design stereological studies independently.
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Stereology involves sampling structural features in sections of tissue with geometrical probes. This article discusses some practical issues that must be dealt with when getting started in stereology, including tissue preparation methods and determining how many tissue sections and probes are needed to make a stereological estimate.
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Contents: Preface Introduction 1 The History of Stereology 2 Bias 3 Sampling 4 Geometric Probes 5 Bias in Estimating Number 6 The Disector Principle 7 Volume 8 Length and Surface Area 9 Nonstereological Bias 10 All Variation Considered 11 Typical Stereology Designs 12 Frequent Questions about Stereology Appendix. Conceptual Framework of Modern Stereology Glossary Bibliography Index
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