High strength and toughness epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with graphene oxide-nanocellulose micro/nanoscale structures
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Nanocellulose
Nanocellulose from abundant sources is attracting attention because it offers excellent properties. There are a number of sources that can be used to extract cellulose such as algae, bacteria, non-wood and wood materials. Numerous methods were established in order to isolate nanocellulose and each method produced different types of nanocellulose. However, there are some limitations in merging nanocellulose into polymeric material due to the presence of the hydrophilic group in nanocellulose structure. In order to overcome the limitations, surface modification method was introduced and may improve the homogeneity and interfacial interaction between nanocellulose and polymeric material. Utilising nanocellulose as reinforcement filler has successfully proved the hypothesis, where properties of the composite were enhanced according to several studies.
Nanocellulose
Bacterial Cellulose
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The elastic moduli and fracture toughnesses of a series of PbO-ZnO-B2O3 glasses were measured for different PbO/ZnO ratios and for B2O3 contents from 30 to 70 mol%. Substituting ZnO for PbO increased both the elastic modulus and fracture toughness at all B2O3 levels with the fracture toughness being related to the elastic modulus. Structural effects on these properties are discussed.
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Nanocellulose is the most abundant material extracted from plants, animals, and bacteria. Nanocellulose is a cellulosic material with nano-scale dimensions and exists in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC). Owing to its high surface area, non-toxic nature, good mechanical properties, low thermal expansion, and high biodegradability, it is obtaining high attraction in the fields of electronics, paper making, packaging, and filtration, as well as the biomedical industry. To obtain the full potential of nanocellulose, it is chemically modified to alter the surface, resulting in improved properties. This review covers the nanocellulose background, their extraction methods, and possible chemical treatments that can enhance the properties of nanocellulose and its composites, as well as their applications in various fields.
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Surface Modification
Cellulosic ethanol
Bacterial Cellulose
Thermal Stability
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Nanocellulose from abundant sources is attracting attention because it offers excellent properties. There are a number of sources that can be used to extract cellulose such as algae, bacteria, non-wood and wood materials. Numerous methods were established in order to isolate nanocellulose and each method produced different types of nanocellulose. However, there are some limitations in merging nanocellulose into polymeric material due to the presence of the hydrophilic group in nanocellulose structure. In order to overcome the limitations, surface modification method was introduced and may improve the homogeneity and interfacial interaction between nanocellulose and polymeric material. Utilising nanocellulose as reinforcement filler has successfully proved the hypothesis, where properties of the composite were enhanced according to several studies.
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Abstract Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), commonly referred to as nanocellulose, is an emerging conservation material with significant potential for application in a wide range of conservation treatments. Due to its properties of transparency and mechanical strength, nanocellulose film offers novel potential when thin tissues may not be suitable. However, when water or aqueous adhesives are applied to nanocellulose, it loses stability and becomes pulpy, making practical use problematic. Additionally, nanocellulose film can shrink upon drying, causing planar deformation. For these reasons, adhesives used with nanocellulose are limited in published treatments to date. The nanocellulose film used in this study was characterized and expansion and shrinking tests were conducted to better understand how nanocellulose film reacts when water and ethanol are introduced. The potential of using nanocellulose film in a remoistenable form is also explored. Results found that nanocellulose film behaved differently than Japanese tissue when water was introduced. While each expanded when water was introduced, the nanocellulose film shrunk 11 % from its initial size when dry, whereas the Japanese tissue returned to its initial size. Practical techniques are recommended to create remoistenable nanocellulose film with a selection of adhesives. Notably, remoistenable nanocellulose films created with methylcellulose and gelatine showed promising initial results.
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Cellulosic ethanol
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Nanocellulose
Nanomaterials
Bacterial Cellulose
Isolation
Surface Modification
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Microscale chemistry
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