Allelopathy appraisal of worm metabolites in the synergistic effect between Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Potamogeton malaianus on algal suppression
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Keywords:
Allelopathy
Potamogeton
Microcystis aeruginosa
Potamogeton crispus
Seasonal samples were taken from four selected stations on the Habbaniya lake, middle of Iraq during 1997, to study six heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Zn), in water suspended particles, sediments and aquatic plants. Five plant species were collected, represented the most dominant in the lake, namely Myriophyllum verticillatum, Potamogeton crispus, P. pectinatus, Ceratophyllum demersum and Vallisnaria spiralis . Zn had the highest concentration among the studied metals in filtered water and suspended particles with an average of 4.08 w g/l and 26088 w g/g, respectively. Whereas, Mn had the highest in the sediments and all studied aquatic plants, which ranged between 213.3- 2027 w g/g and 100-1725 w g/g, respectively, Meanwhile, Cd had the lowest concentration in all studied samples.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogetonaceae
Potamogeton
Myriophyllum
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Submerged macrophyte and main environmental factors of Baiyangdian Lake were investigated in late August, 2010, and canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) was used to research the relationship between distribution of submerged macrophyte and water environment factors. Ten species of submerged macrophytes were found and the dominant associations were Ass. Ceratophyllum demersum, Ass. Potamogeton pecti natus and Ass. Chara sp. Transparency and contents of dissolved oxygen and total phosphorus in the water were primary water environment factors that influencing the distribution of submerged macrophyte in Baiyangdian Lake. Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton pectinatus were adaptable to adverse environmental stress and could exist widely in the water with worse water quality. Chara sp. was tolerant to stress of lower content of dissolved oxygen and distributed widely in Baiyangdian Lake. Potamogeton crispus was also adaptable to worse water quality and dominant in winter and spring. Najas Minor and Najas Marina could not be adaptable to adverse environmental stress and only exist rarely in the clean water.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogeton
Potamogeton crispus
Chara
Potamogetonaceae
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Potamogeton
Potamogetonaceae
Terrestrial plant
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The concentrations of nutrients of plants and water quality were investigated in the ditches of raised fields in Baiyang Lake. The 20 study sites spread throughout the entire area of the raised fields. There were 14 species of aquatic macrophytes growing in different areas of the platforms and ditches. Only 2 emergent plant species were grown in the ditches because of limited light and space in the ditches. Eight submerged plant species and 4 floating plant species that preferred the still water were found at the same time. The nutrient concentrations differed among the 14 macrophytes in the ditches, leading to the different effects on nutrient accumulation. Some plants had higher nutrient concentrations than the others, such as Phragmites australis, Spirodela phlyhiza, Hydracharis dubta, Ceratophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton malaianus and Myrio? phyllum spicatum. Phragmites australis, Nelumbo nucifera, Salvinia natans, Chara sp., Potamogeton malaianus, Potamogeton lucens and Myriophyllum spicatum had a lower decomposition rate than the others due to the higher C/N, C/P and N/P ratios. Periodically harvesting these plants will help reduce the siltation of lakebed and slow the process of terrestralization. The types of aquatic macrophytes and their abilities to assimilate nutrients are influenced by various environmental factors. Water in all the ditches of raised fields was weakly alkaline and lower than 1.5 m, but had significant differences in nutrient levels, transparency and disolved oxygen content among the 20 sample sites. The results showed a positive correlation between the concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the lake water. Water nutrient concentrations and light conditions were considered as 2 important impact factors in this research. The nutrient concentrations of plants had significantly positive correlation with water nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations, and markedly negative relationship with transparency. Nutrient uptake by aquatic macrophytes could be improved effectively by changing the structure of the raised fields and the water conditions.
Phragmites
Potamogeton crispus
Myriophyllum
Potamogeton
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogetonaceae
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In Baiyangdian Lake, hydrophyte communities were constructed by emergent plant, submerged plant and floating plant that were dominant plant species. The objective was to investigate effects of various hydrophyte communities on controlling nutrient concentrations in the water through mesocosm experiment. The results showed that all hydrophyte communities had positive effect on controlling nutrient concentrations in the water. For example, the contents of soluble total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the water were effectively controlled by the hydrophyte community composed by Phrag mites australis, Typha orientalis, Nelumbo nucifera, Chara sp. and Potamogeton pectinatus. Ammonia nitrogen in the water was effectively controlled by the hydrophyte community composed by Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Nelumbo nucifera, Chara sp. and Ceratophyllum demersum. The contents of soluble nitrate and total phosphorus were effectively controlled by the hydrophyte community composed by Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Nelumbo nucifera and Potamogeton pectinatus. Due to the fact that water pollution in Baiyangdian Lake was mainly caused by the content of total nitrogen, the hydrophyte community composed by Phragmites australis, Typha orientalis, Nelumbo nucifera, Chara sp. and Potamogeton pectinatus was selected first.
Phragmites
Potamogeton
Typha
Ceratophyllum demersum
Myriophyllum
Scirpus
Potamogeton crispus
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Potamogeton crispus
Potamogeton
Potamogetonaceae
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Species selectivity of the aquatic herbicide dipotassium salt of endothall (Aquathol® K) was evaluated on plant species typically found in northern latitude aquatic plant communities. Submersed species included Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.), curlyleaf pondweed (Potamogeton crispus L.), Illinois pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis Morong.), sago pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus
L.), coontail (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), elodea (Elodea canadensis Michx.) and wildcelery (Vallisneria americana
L.). Emergent and floating-leaf plant species evaluated were cattail (Typha latifolia L.), smartweed (Polygonum hydropiperoides Michx.), pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.) and spatterdock (Nuphar advena Aiton). The submersed
species evaluations were conducted in 7000 L mesocosm
tanks, and treatment rates included 0, 0.5 1.0, 2.0, and
4.0 mg/L active ingredient (ai) endothall (dipotassium salt of endothall). The exposure period consisted of a 24-h flow
through half-life for 7 d. The cattail and smartweed evaluation was conducted in 860 L mesocosm tanks, and the spatterdock and pickerelweed evaluations were conducted in 1600 L mesocosm tanks. Treatment rates for the emergent and floating-leafed plant evaluations included 0, 0.5, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/L ai endothall, and the exposure period consisted of removing and replacing half the water from each tank, after each 24 h period for a duration of 120 h. Biomass samples were collected at 3 and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). Endothall effectively controlled Eurasian watermilfoil and curlyleaf pondweed at all of the application rates, and no significant regrowth was observed at 8 WAT. Sago pondweed, wildcelery, and Illinois pondweed biomass were also significantly reduced following the endothall application, but regrowth was observed at 8 WAT. Coontail and elodea showed no effects from endothall application at the 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L application rates, but coontail was controlled at 4.0 mg/L rate. Spatterdock, pickerelweed, cattail, and smartweed were not injured at any of the endothall application rates.
Ceratophyllum demersum
Myriophyllum
Potamogeton crispus
Elodea canadensis
Potamogeton
Mesocosm
Scirpus
Typha
Hydrocharitaceae
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In order to study the difference between different types of submerged plants accumulation on Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn in the water, Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Vallisneria Natans and Potamogeton maackianus, several major submerged plants which are grown in Guangxi Diaojiang river were analyzed, the results showed that: At different sampling points or different sampling period, the content of Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn in the same submerged plants are different. In the all measured elements, the variation of content of Zn is the biggest; the maximum value of Zn content is 581 times higher than the minimum value. The results showed that the submerged plants can well reflect the environmental changes, but the response of different submerged plant to the environment is different. The concentrating ability of Cu、Cd、 Zn heavy metal elements of Potamogeton crispus, Hydrilla verticillata, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Vallisneria Natans and Potamogeton maackianus: Potamogeton crispus Hydrilla verticillata Myriophyllum verticillatum Vallisneria Natans Potamogeton maackianus. In all measured submerged plants, the Potamogeton maackianus's concentrating ability of Pb is the strongest. As a result, using submerged plants to indicate or remediate water environment must be based on different elements and chose the right submerged plants.
Hydrilla
Potamogeton
Myriophyllum
Potamogeton crispus
Ceratophyllum demersum
Potamogetonaceae
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The aquatic vegetation succession during 21 years were studied in the paper based on the former data and the resoults of the investigation on Octember,2006.The main results were that Changhu lake wetland was deteriorated seriously.There were 6 species died out.The vegetation could be divided into 14 associations,which included 3 emergent communities,3 floating communities,8 submersed communities.The covering rate of aquatic vegetation decreased from 100 % to 30.35 %.The dominant communities had euraed Potamogeton crispus,Myriophyllum spicatum communities in 1985 to Potamogeton maackianus,Vallisneria natans communities in 1999,then to Vallisneria natans,Potamogeton maackianus communities in 2000,Nymphaea nelumbo,Nymphaea nelumbo + Ziznia naduciflora communities in 2006.The type of dominate community had also changed from submerged communities to emergent communities.The total biomass was 2 202.29 t.Utricularia aurea + Myriophyllum verticillatum community was the most biomass and was 1 633.48 t,Potamogeton maackianus + N.gracillima community was the fewest biomass.During 21 years,the total biomass decreased to 98.28 %,but the biomass in unit area increased from 1 195.67 g/m2 to 1 850.53 g/m2.The human activites such as over breeding aquatic,excessive harvest of water grass,dragging for mussels resulted of fewer area,species and the total biomass of aquatic vegetation.
Potamogeton
Myriophyllum
Potamogeton crispus
Potamogetonaceae
Ceratophyllum demersum
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