Short ragweed pollen promotes M2 macrophage polarization via TSLP/TSLPR/OX40L signaling in allergic inflammation
Ruzhi DengXin ChenYun ZhangFang BianNing GaoJiaoyue HuChangjun WangRodrigo G. de SouzaFan LüStephen C. PflugfelderDe‐Quan Li
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Efforts in experimental therapeutics of atherosclerosis are mostly focused on identifying candidate targets that can be exploited in developing new strategies to reduce plaque progression, induce its regression and/or improve stability of advanced lesions. Plaque macrophages are central players in all these processes, and consequently a significant amount of research is devoted to understanding mechanisms that regulate, for instance, macrophage apoptosis, necrosis or migration. Macrophage diversity is a key feature of the macrophage population in the plaque and can impact many aspects of lesion development. Thus, searching for molecular entities that contribute to atherorelevant functions of a specific macrophage type but not others may lead to identification of targets that can be exploited in phenotype selective modulation of the lesional macrophage. This however, remains an unmet goal. In recent years several studies have revealed critical functions of micro-RNAs (miRs) in mechanisms of macrophage polarization, and a number of miRs have emerged as being specific of distinctive macrophage subsets. Not only can these miRs represent the first step towards recognition of phenotype specific targets, but they may also pave the way to reveal novel atherorelevant pathways within macrophage subsets. This article discusses some of these recent findings, speculates on their potential relevance to atherosclerosis and elaborates on the prospective use of miRs to affect the function of plaque macrophages in a phenotype selective manner.
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Obesity and type 2 diabetes are now recognized as chronic pro-inflammatory diseases. In the last decade, the role of the macrophage in particular has become increasingly implicated in their pathogenesis. Abundant literature now establishes that monocytes get recruited to peripheral tissues (ie pancreas, liver and adipose tissue) to become resident macrophages and contribute to local inflammation, development of insulin resistance or even pancreatic dysfunction. Furthermore, an accumulation of evidence has established an important role for macrophage polarisation in the development of metabolic diseases. The general view in obesity is that there is an imbalance in the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages, with M1 “pro-inflammatory” macrophages being enhanced compared with M2 “anti-inflammatory” macrophages being down-regulated, leading to chronic inflammation and the propagation of metabolic dysfunction. However, there is emerging evidence revealing a more complex scenario with the spectrum of macrophage states exceeding well beyond the M1/M2 binary classification and confused further by human and animal models exhibiting different macrophage profiles. In this review we will discuss the recent findings regarding macrophage polarization in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes to blindness worldwide in elderly population.Innate immune system elements, such as macrophages and cytokines, play an important role in AMD pathology and pathogenesis.In AMD, macrophages can be functionally polarized into M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated), as well as regulatory cells, in response to systems biology approaches.Imbalances in the M1 and M2 populations together with activation of retinal microglia are observed and potentially contribute to tissue degeneration.In this review, the phenomenon of macrophage polarization in AMD study was summarized, and the relationship between macrophage polarization and dry AMD, wet AMD, AMD related risk factors were discussed.
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Age-related macular degeneration; Macrophage polarization; M1 macrophage; M2 macrophage
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