Web-based study on Chinese dermatologists’ attitudes towards artificial intelligence
Changbing ShenChengxu LiFeng XuZiyi WangXue ShenJing GaoRandy KoJing YanXiaofeng TangRuixing YuJunhu GuoFeng XuRusong MengYong Cui
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Abstract:
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a powerful tool and is attracting more attention in the field of medicine. There are a number of AI studies focusing on skin diseases, and there are many AI products that have been applied in dermatology. However, the attitudes of dermatologists, specifically those from China, towards AI, is not clear as few, if any studies have focused on this issue. Methods: A web-based questionnaire was designed by experts from the Chinese Skin Image Database (CSID) and published on the UMER Doctor platform (an online learning platform for dermatologists developed by the Shanghai Wheat Color Intelligent Technology Company, China). A total of 1,228 Chinese dermatologists were recruited and provided answers to the questionnaire online. The differences of dermatologists' attitudes towards AI among the different groups (stratified by age, gender, hospital level, education degree, professional title, and hospital ownership) were compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Kruskal-Wallis H test. The correlations between stratified factors and dermatologists' attitudes towards AI were calculated by using the Spearman's rank correlation test. SPSS (version 22.0) was utilized for all analyses. A two-sided P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant in all analyses. Results: A total of 1,228 Chinese dermatologists from 30 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and other regions (including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan) participated in this survey. The dermatologists who participated acquired AI-related information mainly through the Internet, meetings or forums, and 70.51% of participated dermatologists acquired AI-related information by two or more approaches. In total, 99.51% of participated dermatologists pay attention (general, passive-active, and active attention) to information pertaining to AI. Stratified analyses revealed statistically significant differences in their attention levels (unconcerned, general, passive-active, and active attention) to AI-related information by gender, hospital level, education degree, and professional title (P values ≤1.79E−02). In total, 95.36% of the participated dermatologists thought the role of AI to be in "assisting the daily diagnosis and treatment activities for dermatologists". Stratified analyses about the thought of AI roles (unconcerned, useless, assist, and replace) showed that there was no statistically significant difference except for the hospital level (P value =4.09E−03). The correlations between stratified factors with attention levels and the opinions of AI roles showed extremely weak correlations. Furthermore, 64.17% of participated dermatologists thought secondary hospitals in China are in most need of the application AI, and 91.78% of participated dermatologists thought the priority implementation of AI should be in skin tumors. Conclusions: The majority of Chinese dermatologists are interested in AI information and acquired information about AI through a variety of approaches. Nearly all dermatologists are attentive to information on AI and think the role of AI is in "assisting the daily diagnosis and treatment activities for dermatologists". Future AI implementation should be primarily focused on skin tumors and utilized in in secondary hospitals.Abstract Aim: To investigate pituitary gland deformation (PGD) in high altitude (HA) immigrants and determine if a correlation exists between PGD with headache and the ratio of brain volume to total intracranial volume (BV/TIV), and to investigate whether PGD can be used as an objective indicator of headache in HA immigrants. Methods: A total of 34 male HA immigrants and 60 age- and gender-matched sea-level (SL) residents were enrolled in this study. 3D T1 weighted brain MRI scans and headache scales were acquired. HA participants were classified into headache positive (HA[+]) and headache negative (HA[-]) subgroups. PGD was graded visually on mid-sagittal images of the pituitary gland. All continuous variables and categorical variables were compared using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test and the χ 2 or Fisher exact tests, respectively. Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rho were used to investigate the relationship between PGD and headache or BV/TIV, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate whether PGD can be used as an objective indicator of headache in HA immigrants. Results: A higher proportion of HA participants had PGD (54.8%) than SL residents (23.3%) (p=0.005). The proportion of HA(-) participants with PGD (68.2%) was higher than that of HA(+) participants (22.2%) (p=0.044). PGD was negatively correlated with headache (Kendall's tau=-0.323, p=0.0097) and positively correlated with BV/TIV (r=0.454, p=0.010). The presence of PGD was an indicator of headache in HA immigrants (area under the ROC curve=0.712, p= 0.038, sensitivity=0.778, specificity=0.682). Conclusion: A greater proportion of HA immigrants had PGD, which is an adaptation to chronically altered ICP or compliance. The presence of PGD indicated a restoration of spatial compensatory capacity and compliance of intracranial system, leading to headache relief. PGD is a potential indicator of headache in HA immigrants.
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중국이 강대국을 목표로 변화하는 과정에서 ‘신형 대국관계(新型大國關係, 후에 신형국제관계로 변함)’를 강조하며 “태평양은 미중 양 대국이 같이 관리할 수 있을 정도로 넓다(寬廣的太平洋有足勾空間容納中美兩個大國).”라고 한 주장과 전략은 미국의 ‘재균형(Rebalancing)’과 ‘아시아로의 회귀(Pivot to Asia)’전략에서 발전된 인도·태평양전략으로 대치되고 있다. 동아시아 국제관계는 미국의 세계전략과 중국의 전략이 서로 충돌하는 형상으로, 강대국과 강대국이 되려는 국가 사이에 서양 체스와 중국 장기(象棋) 양식의 경쟁이 일어나고 있다.
현재 동아시아에서 중국의 경제·군사 능력 상승과 대외영향력이 증대함에 따라 일부 학자는 해당 지역에서 세력전이가 일어날 수도 있다고 주장도 하지만, 미국 주도 세계체제의 안정성을 신뢰하는 학자들은 이러한 세력전이 가능성을 낮게 본다. 그러나 외형상 동북아 국제관계는 미국·일본·한국의 동맹체제와 중국·러시아·북한의 협력체제의 대립 및 북핵문제와 양안(兩岸) 갈등과 같은 진영 간 대립이 지역 안보, 경제에 영향을 미친다 할 수 있다.
본 논문은 동북아에서 중장기적으로 중국에 의한 세력전이가 일어날 수 있는지에 대해 분석하며, 북핵문제로 복잡해진 한반도 주변 국제환경에서 중국의 대(對)한반도 전략 및 한국과 북한에 대한 개별 전략이 무엇인지 알아보는데 중점을 두었다. 동북아지역은 중국이 주장하는 바와 같이 ‘중국이 외부로 진출하기(走出去)’ 위한 관문이자, 중국은 현재 동북아국 제관계의 역학관계 및 지정학적 장점을 활용하며 자국의 영향력을 강화하는 상황이다. 동북아에서 새로운 대국의 출현과 그 영향력 강화는 북한 핵 도발과 더불어 한국의 안보환경에 새로운 도전이 되기도 하는데, 본 논문은 중국의 동북아 전략이 한국의 안보환경에 어떤 변화를 일으킬 수 있는지와 그에 대한 대응은 무엇인지 알아보는데 중점을 두었다.
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