WormAtlas Hermaphrodite Handbook - Pericellular Structures
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Abstract The gonadal structure and cycle of the Leguminaia whaetleyi is described for the first time indicating that 5% of this species is simultaneous hermaphrodite. A total of 420 individuals were collected in monthly samples from October 2008 to September 2009 in Gölbaşı Lake, Turkey. Calculation of the condition index and histological examination of the gonads showed that gametogenesis began in January. Spawning occurred between May and August with one maximum peak in July. Annual maximum oocytes size peaked in July. The population consisted of simultaneous hermaphrodite individuals. Sex ratio of L. whaetleyi was significantly different from the expected 1:1 ratio ( P <0.05), and also female biased sex ratio was recorded. In hermaphrodite specimens, male and female follicles were mixed in the visceral mass but can be clearly distinguished by light microscopy study. L. whaetleyi appears to be a dioecious species in which 25 specimens were simultaneous hermaphrodite and under certain environmental conditions may be capable of self‐fertilization. This suggests that detailed studies on sex ratio of L. whaetleyi may be helpful in understanding unionid phylogeny. J. Exp. Zool. 315:30–40, 2011 . © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hermaphrodite
Unionidae
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Hermaphrodite
Apomixis
Constant (computer programming)
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Hermaphrodite
Evolutionarily stable strategy
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Hermaphrodite
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Hermaphroditism in the marine fishes is well documented, especially in the family Sparidae in which at least 35 species have been reported. Within this family sexuality ranges from gonochorism, through rudimentary, protogynous and protandrous hermaphroditism, to what is thought to be a single functional hermaphrodite. A biological study of the economically valued Chrysoblephus puniceus revealed marked differences in the size of male and female fish, suggesting that this sparid undergoes sex reversal. Histology of gonads macroscopically classified as ‘female’, ‘male’ and ‘hermaphrodite’ were analysed. Degenerating pre‐vitellogenic oocytes in the ovarian sections of hermaphroditic gonads confirm that C puniceus is a protogynous hermaphrodite.
Hermaphrodite
Sparidae
Sex change
Ovotestis
Müllerian mimicry
True hermaphroditism
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Male and hermaphrodite flowers from the andromonoecious perennial Solanum carolinense were compared. Hermaphrodite flowers were 11–16% heavier than males, and this difference was consistent for two clones studied. Hermaphrodite flowers contained a greater amount of nitrogen than did male flowers, but males had higher percent nitrogen. Male and hermaphrodite flowers had equal investment in male structures: stamen mass, number of pollen grains, mass of pollen grains ejected by vibration, and pollen size were all similar for the two flower types. In contrast, male flowers had reduced masses of disfunctional female structures: ovaries of males were ⅓ as massive, and styles 1/7; as massive, as those of hermaphrodites. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that male flowers (which occur where fruit set is unlikely) increase male fitness through pollen donation, while saving resources that would otherwise be invested in hermaphrodite flowers that abscise.
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Fruits from hermaphrodite Hawaiian varieties are of medium size and preferred by consumers all over the world. Seeds obtained from the fruits of selfed hermaphrodite plants produce almost two third hermaphrodite plants and one-third pistillate plants. These plants can not be identified before the onset of flowering. However, there are conflicting reports in scientific literature on sex ratios obtained from selfed seeds from fruits of hermaphrodite plants. Sex ratios of hermaphrodite, pistillate and staminate plants were determined using seeds from selfed hermaphrodite fruits of a Hawaiian papaya (Carica papaya) variety ?solo?. Bagging flowers on hermaphrodite plants during flowering season to avoid contamination from foreign pollen produced self-seeds. Seeds from fruits of many bagged hermaphrodite flowers were pooled together and grown in large plots. A total of 2633 plants were grown and evaluated for their specific sex at the onset of flowering. Of these 1838 were counted as hermaphrodite, 783 pistillate and only 12 staminate plants. This gave a ratio of 2.34 hermaphrodite plants : 1: pistillate plants ignoring 12 staminate plants. This obtained ratio is in disagreement with earlier reported ratio of 2 hermaphrodite plants : 1 pistillate : 1 non-viable zygotes. However, no viable male progeny was reported from hermaphrodite selfed seeds in earlier studies. One of the explanations for the observed changed ratio could be biased seed selection from the seed lot used for planting.
Hermaphrodite
Carica
Gynodioecy
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Бұл зерттеужұмысындaКaно моделітурaлы жәнеоғaн қaтыстытолықмәліметберілгенжәнеуниверситетстуденттерінебaғыттaлғaн қолдaнбaлы (кейстік)зерттеужүргізілген.АхметЯссaуи университетініңстуденттеріүшін Кaно моделіқолдaнылғaн, олaрдың жоғaры білімберусaпaсынa қоятынмaңыздытaлaптaры, яғнисaпaлық қaжеттіліктері,олaрдың мaңыздылығытурaлы жәнесaпaлық қaжеттіліктерінеқaтыстыөз университетінқaлaй бaғaлaйтындығытурaлы сұрaқтaр қойылғaн. Осы зерттеудіңмaқсaты АхметЯсaуи университетіндетуризмменеджментіжәнеқaржы бaкaлaвриaт бaғдaрлaмaлaрыныңсaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңқaжеттіліктерінaнықтaу, студенттердіңқaнaғaттaну, қaнaғaттaнбaу дәрежелерінбелгілеу,білімберусaпaсын aнықтaу мен жетілдіружолдaрын тaлдaу болыптaбылaды. Осы мaқсaтқaжетуүшін, ең aлдыменКaно сaуaлнaмaсы түзіліп,116 студенткеқолдaнылдыжәнебілімберугежәнеоның сaпaсынa қaтыстыстуденттердіңтaлaптaры мен қaжеттіліктерітоптықжұмыстaрaрқылыaнықтaлды. Екіншіден,бұл aнықтaлғaн тaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктерКaно бaғaлaу кестесіменжіктелді.Осылaйшa, сaпa тaлaптaры төрт сaнaтқa бөлінді:болуытиіс, бір өлшемді,тaртымдыжәнебейтaрaп.Соңындa,қaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaудың мәндеріесептелдіжәнестуденттердіңқaнaғaттaну мен қaнaғaттaнбaу деңгейлерінжоғaрылaту мен төмендетудеосытaлaптaр мен қaжеттіліктердіңрөліaйқын aнықтaлды.Түйінсөздер:сaпa, сaпaлық қaжеттіліктер,білімберусaпaсы, Кaно моделі.
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Abstract Protracted observations on a wild population of Chlorohydra viridissima revealed a sexual polymorphism, expressed by the occurrence all together of male, female and hermaphrodite specimens. The hermaphrodites were either simultaneous or protandrous or protogynous. Careful culturing of several clones under strictly identical environmental conditions strongly indicated a genetic basis of such differences and suggested a polyfactorial sex‐determining system. Andro‐, medio‐ and gyno‐hermaphrodite clones, which more or less tended to shift towards pure male or pure female sex conditions, were detectable. Andro‐ and gyno‐hermaphrodite clones showed less tendency to become sexual. Such a condition is typical of an “unbalanced hermaphroditism” which serves to maintain the species in a mainly hermaphrodite state.
Hermaphrodite
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