Multiscale Origami Structures as Interfaces for Cells (MOSAIC) – A versatile platform for the investigation of early cell signalling
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We introduce a simplified and modular architecture for design and construction of complex origami nanostructures. A series of basic two-dimensional and three-dimensional structures are presented. As the resulting structures can be virtually divided into blocks, modular remodeling such as translocation, contraction/extension, and bending is carried out. Structures under such a designing framework are morphable. Local conformational changes can propagate to the entire structure to reshape the global conformation.
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Customizable nanostructures built through the DNA-origami technique hold tremendous promise in nanomaterial fabrication and biotechnology. Despite the cutting-edge tools for DNA-origami design and preparation, it remains challenging to separate structural components of an architecture built from-thus held together by-a continuous scaffold strand, which in turn limits the modularity and function of the DNA-origami devices. To address this challenge, here we present an enzymatic method to clean up and reconfigure DNA-origami structures. We target single-stranded (ss) regions of DNA-origami structures and remove them with CRISPR-Cas12a, a hyper-active ssDNA endonuclease without sequence specificity. We demonstrate the utility of this facile, selective post-processing method on DNA structures with various geometrical and mechanical properties, realizing intricate structures and structural transformations that were previously difficult to engineer. Given the biocompatibility of Cas12a-like enzymes, this versatile tool may be programmed in the future to operate functional nanodevices in cells.
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The use of DNA as a material for nanoscale construction has blossomed in the past decade. This is largely attributable to the DNA origami technique, which has enabled construction of nanostructures ranging from simple two-dimensional sheets to complex three-dimensional objects with defined curves and edges. These structures are amenable to site-specific functionalization with nanometer precision, and have been shown to exhibit cellular biocompatibility and permeability. The DNA origami technique has already found widespread use in a variety of emerging biological applications such as biosensing, enzyme cascades, biomolecular analysis, biomimetics, and drug delivery. We highlight a few of these applications and comments on the prospects for this rapidly expanding field of research.
DNA origami
DNA nanotechnology
Biomimetics
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DNA origami
Biomolecule
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Since first being reported in 2006, the DNA origami approach has attracted increasing attention due to programmable shapes, structural stability, biocompatibility, and fantastic addressability. Herein, we provide an account of recent developments of DNA origami as scaffolds for templating the selfassembly of distinct biocomponents, essentially proteins and lipids, into a diverse spectrum of integrated supramolecular architectures. First, the historical development of the DNA origami concept is briefly reviewed. Next, various applications of DNA origami constructs in controllable directed assembly of soluble proteins are discussed. The manipulation and self-assembly of lipid membranes and membrane proteins by using DNA origami as scaffolds are also addressed. Furthermore, recent progress in applying DNA origami in cryoelectron microscopy analysis is discussed. These advances collectively emphasize that the DNA origami approach is a highly versatile, fast evolving tool that may be integrated with lipids and proteins in a way that meets future challenges in molecular biology and nanomedicine.
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The review article provides an overview of the DNA origami technique for fabricating nanomaterials with specific patterns and structures.
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DNA origami is an emerging technology for designing and constructing defined multidimensional nanostructures. This technology is now expanding to materials science. This article introduces the basics of DNA origami, the design of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional DNA origami structures, and the programmed assembly of origami structures. DNA origami has unique properties, such as an addressable surface, which enables selective functionalization with biomolecules and nanomaterials. The origami can also be combined with top-down nanotechnology, such as placement on a fabricated substrate. The technology is also applied to single-molecule imaging and analysis systems constructed on designed DNA origami structures. Furthermore, DNA mechanical nanodevices working on DNA origami have been realized, and cell-oriented applications are now in progress. DNA origami technology has practical potential in various research fields.
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The specificity and simplicity of the Watson–Crick base pair interactions make DNA one of the most versatile construction materials for creating nanoscale structures and devices. Among several DNA-based approaches, the DNA origami technique excels in programmable self-assembly of complex, arbitrary shaped structures with dimensions of hundreds of nanometers. Importantly, DNA origami can be used as templates for assembly of functional nanoscale components into three-dimensional structures with high precision and controlled stoichiometry. This is often beyond the reach of other nanofabrication techniques. In this Perspective, we highlight the capability of the DNA origami technique for realization of novel nanophotonic systems. First, we introduce the basic principles of designing and fabrication of DNA origami structures. Subsequently, we review recent advances of the DNA origami applications in nanoplasmonics, single-molecule and super-resolution fluorescent imaging, as well as hybrid photonic systems. We conclude by outlining the future prospects of the DNA origami technique for advanced nanophotonic systems with tailored functionalities.
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DNA origami nano-objects are usually designed around generic single-stranded "scaffolds". Many properties of the target object are determined by details of those generic scaffold sequences. Here, we enable designers to fully specify the target structure not only in terms of desired 3D shape but also in terms of the sequences used. To this end, we built design tools to construct scaffold sequences de novo based on strand diagrams, and we developed scalable production methods for creating design-specific scaffold strands with fully user-defined sequences. We used 17 custom scaffolds having different lengths and sequence properties to study the influence of sequence redundancy and sequence composition on multilayer DNA origami assembly and to realize efficient one-pot assembly of multiscaffold DNA origami objects. Furthermore, as examples for functionalized scaffolds, we created a scaffold that enables direct, covalent cross-linking of DNA origami via UV irradiation, and we built DNAzyme-containing scaffolds that allow postfolding DNA origami domain separation.
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Sequence (biology)
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