Incidence of sweet cherry crinkle leaf disease in Beijing and its influence to fruit production and quality.
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Recently,sweet cherry crinkle leaf disease seriously hurts production and qualities of sweet cherry.However,detailed disease observations and effective prevention and control measures have not been reported in china.Two years' successive and systematic investigations were caried on 248 adult cherry variety Hongdeng in a sweet cherry orchard near the Fragrant Hill,Beijing.We find that sweet cherry crinkle leaf disease mainly affects leaf shape,fruit development shape,fruit quality and production.Leaves become rough,narrow and with abnormal distorted edge.Fruits develop slowly with abnormal fruit and crinkled leaf being in the same branch.The crinkle leaf disease has made the fruits shorter,thinner and lighter.Their maturing date is postponed and yields reduced remarkably.Crinkle leaf disease can be found in several leaves,a branch or the whole tree.The incidence situation is different every year.However,the serious disease affected trees show stable performance.The best periods for observing crinkle leaf disease are from frondescing stage to pit-hardening stage in spring and in autumn,respectively.Grafting test was conducted in serious crinkle leaf disease affected trees,but no crinkle leaf disease is observed in scion.Keywords:
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[Objective]The project aims to introduce European cold myrobalan plum trees of rare ornamental and conduct the introduction experiment of red leaf plum with cold in our region in order to select one good cultivar with cold resistance and good ornamental which can adapt well to our climate and soil.If it is successful,it can improve status of a single alpine colorful ornamental species and enrich fruit germplasm resources and species diversity.[Method]Through international cooperation and exchange,a small number of cold myrobalan plum varieties in Europe were introduced,After that,experiments,such as grafting propagation,the observation of its biological and ecological characteristics,cultivation of ornamental trial observation,suitable rootstock,,numerous experimental studies,adaptability,resistance,cultivated ornamental,were all done.[Result]The results showed that the red leaf plum with cold has flower,fruits,foliage,rolled in one:leaves full of color,fruit delicious;the young fruit shows a color of amaranth and ripe ones shows bright red color and its fruits flesh is brightly red.And what's more,it could resist cold,drought and adapts to barren soil,and it could survive cold winter below 36℃.It is really so an excellent ornamental fruit tree that can be planted for virescence in cities.[Conclusion]The trial of five years ' study and promotion of pilot,the bred cold myrobalan plum in our area showed good growth condition which is a fine rare ornamental fruit tree in our country,especially in cold regions.In Autumn,2009 it was identified by Xinjiang Forest Thoroughbred Committee and named Red Leaf Plum of Western Regions.
Ornamental plant
Germ plasm
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[Objective] The structure of peach variety in the Kaili region was optimized for much more economic efficiency so that the industrialization of peach production would be realized.[Method] The botanical characteristics,phenology,economic trait of fruit,yield and adaptability of peach from 2007 to 2000,introduced from Zhengzhou in 1998,were observed and the key cultivation technique was studied.[Results] The peach was with the following advantage:early fruiting high and stable yield,sweet and large fruit,good quality and high price in market.The peach fruit was maturated in late ten-day of June with average weight of 227 g/each fruit.The peach fruit was with red and white skin with bright color;crisp fruit meat with sweet taste with the content of sugar of 13% and its quality was superior.The peach had the character of many more pollen,high fruiting rate,tolerance to storage.The maturity of it met the demand of market when the early peach was sold out so that it was with high price.Main requirement to its management was flower/fruit-thinning,artificial pollination,control of shrinking-disease,scab,anthracnose,gum disease and others,the prevention of the peach mulberry white scales,moth and small green leaf cicada,beetle,spider,aphids and others,pruning,fertilization of mainly basal pulsing compound fertilizer.[Conclusion] The peach was worthy to be extended in the Kaili area.
Pruning
Adaptability
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The results from a series of introduction and cultivation tests of Black pearl (a cherry variety) from 2003 to 2009 in northern Guizhou showed that the part of planting trees began to flower and bear fruits in the secondary year,most planting trees began to flower and bear fruits in the third year,all planting trees began to flower and bear fruits in the fourth year and all planting trees were in full fruit period in the fifth or sixth year. Black pearl cherry trees with strong resistance to disease,insect,low temperature,drought and dehiscent fruit can be planted in flat land,mountain area and sloping land with an elevation of 800～1200 meters. The paper put forward the cultivation technique including orchard construction,formulation application,rational pruning,fruit and flower protection,rationally thinning fruits and flowers,effectively controlling insect pest and rational harvest in northern Guizhou.
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Pruning
Insect pest
Thinning
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Spur
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Girdling
Abscission
Bud
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The investigations were carried out on current-year, 1-, 2-, 3-year old stems and leaves of fruit trees: cherry, sweet cherry, pear, common plum, and walnut. The content of chlorophyll a and b and the sum of the carotenoids were determined. In the examined species of trees, the content of chlorophyll increased with the age of stems, except the cherry tree, in which its content decreased. The content of chlorophyll in the current-year stems amounted from 1.6 to 2.2 mg dm, in 3-year old stems it was 1.6-2.8 mg dm, and in leaves its amount varied from 2.7 to 4.5 mg dm. The 3-year old stems, when compared to the current-year stems, contained about 40-50% more chlorophyll in common plum, walnut and pear trees, and about 85% more in sweet cherry tree. In the cherry tree the amount of chlorophyll decreased by 15% during the time of the experiment. In comparison Jan Pilarski, Krzysztof Tokarz, Maciej Kocurek 54 with the leaves, the stems contained similar amounts of chlorophyll in sweet cherry and walnut trees, or smaller amounts in the common plum tree by about 40%, in the pear tree – by about 50%, and in the cherry trees by nearly 70%. In all the trees the value of the chlorophyll a/b ratio in the stems was considerably smaller in comparison with the leaves. The content of carotenoids in the current-year stems varied from 0.5 to 1.4 mg dm, and with age of the stems it increased to 0.6-1.4 mg dm in the 3-year old stems, and in the leaves it amounted from 0.9 to 1.3 mg dm. Compared to the leaves, the stems contained similar amounts of carotenoids in sweet cherry and common plum trees, whereas the amount of carotenoids was higher in the leaves of the cherry and pear trees and smaller in the leaves of walnut tree. The ratio of the content of chlorophyll to that of carotenoids oscillated from 2 to 4. In the stems and leaves of the sweet cherry and the pear trees it was similar. In the common plum and walnut trees its value in the leaves was higher in comparison with that in the stems, and in the current-year stems of the cherry and plum trees it was grater in comparison with older year groups of stems. The results demonstrated that in most examined species bark chlorophyll content increased with the age of stems, the fact not reported in the literature before.
Pyrus communis
Chlorophyll b
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Journal Article GREEN LEAF IN CHERRY BLOSSOM Get access DAVID FAIRCHILD DAVID FAIRCHILD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 6, Issue 6, June 1915, Pages 262–263, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109120 Published: 01 June 1915
Heredity
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In the small demonstration orchard of the College Faculty of Horticulture at Kecskemét the blooming time, the flower density and the honeybee activity was observed at a number of cultivars of 20 flower species during four consecutive years.
Fruit crop species were in flower during 3-4 months altogether. The blooming period of them was classified into five groups as early (almond, apricot, gooseberry), middle early (sweet cherry, red currant, currant-gooseberry, black currant, white currant, peach, plum, sour cherry), middle late (pear, strawberry, apple), late (black elder, quince, medlar, raspberry, blackberry-raspberry) and very late blooming period (blackberry). The blooming period of the members of the groups of early and medium early blooming often coincided partly and the same happened between the medium and the medium late as well as between fruits of late and very late flowering.
The flower density of some fruit species is extremely variable (currant-gooseberry, medlar), while at others it is fairly stable and evenly dense in consecutive years (sour cherry, sweet cherry, strawberry). At other fruit species it is moderately changeable. Some fruit species tended to attract more honeybees than others (plum, apple, quince, medlar) and some of them tended to attract much less (black elder, pear) but most species can be regarded as of medium attractivity.
On the flowers of some fruit species (pear, strawberry, quince) honeybees gathered pollen predominantly. At most fruit species however pollen and nectar gathering behaviour seemed to be gradually changing during the season. Namely most honeybees tended to gather pollen at the flowers of the early blooming fruit species, but on the other hand typical foraging behaviour gradually shifted to nectar gathering at the flowers of fruit species of moderate and late blooming periods.
Ribes
Blowing a raspberry
Orchard
Rubus
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