A study of the importance of the dosage for the arousal of neuroleptic acute dystonias.
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Difficulties with the postulated inverted‐U relationship between performance and arousal are discussed, with emphasis upon individual differences in level of arousal. Predictions concerning the behaviour of highly aroused and less aroused subjects are made and tested in two experiments by relating changes in performance associated with increased and decreased levels of arousal to introversion score. Introverts behaved as highly aroused subjects were expected to and extraverts as less aroused subjects.
Low arousal theory
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The present research was designed to test an alternative explanation for the arousal-self-awareness link found by Wegner and Giuliano (1980). Specifically, it was suggested that the running-in-place manipulation used by Wegner and Giuliano may have increased self-awareness, not because of the increased arousal it engendered, but because of its "unusual" nature. To test this hypothesis, subjects were assigned to one of three conditions: (a) fast running (both arousing and unusual), (b) slow running (unusual but not arousing), (c) control (neither arousing nor unusual). Results supported the unusual-behavior hypothesis; subjects in both running groups, regardless of speed (and arousal), showed more self-awareness on a sentence completion form than did those subjects in the control condition. The implications of these results for self-awareness theory are considered.
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An experiment was conducted to examine the mediating role of physiological arousal in social facilitation. It was hypothesized that the elevation of arousal level by the presence of other persons or evaluative apprehension would facilitate task performance. Twenty-four male and 24 female college students performed simple task alone, with a cooperative person, or with a competitive person. One half of the subjects was given an instruction which would produce evaluative apprehension. Subjects' skin potential responses were measured as the indices of physiological arousal. Although the hypothesis was supported by the analysis of psycho-physiological index, but it was not at all by the self-reported index of arousal.
Social facilitation
Apprehension
Facilitation
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Abstract Past research suggests that high approach‐motivated positive affects narrow attentional scope and cause greater late positive potential ( LPP ) amplitudes. However, because arousal is related to motivational intensity, arousal may be responsible for these past findings. The present research investigated whether arousal, manipulated independently of affect using physical exercise, would influence attentional and LPP responses to stimuli. Results revealed that appetitive (vs. neutral) pictures evoked larger LPPs over central and left frontal regions, and caused more attentional narrowing. Individual differences in approach motivation predicted more attentional narrowing following appetitive stimuli. However, manipulated arousal did not influence attentional scope or LPP s to neutral or appetitive stimuli. Results suggest that attentional narrowing and LPP s to appetitive stimuli are related to approach motivation rather than enhanced general arousal.
Attentional Bias
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Background: Various adjuvants have been used to prolong spinal anesthesia, with the additional advantages of delaying the onset of postoperative pain and reducing postoperative analgesic requirements.Pregabalin is an R-aminobutyric acid analog that binds to the α2-δ subunit of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels.Objective: The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of pregabalin in terms of spinal blockade duration and its potential opioid-sparing effect during the first 24 hours postoperatively Patients and Methods: There were limitations to the present study.First, since only 1 dosage of pregabalin was evaluated, we could not determine the most effective dosage.Second, clinically meaningful improvements in recovery were not assessed.Adequate postoperative pain control provides early postsurgical mobilization, shortened hospitalization, and increased patient satisfaction.Third, preoperative pain and anxiety scores were not recorded.Pregabalin might affect the preoperative pain, mood, and anxiety scores, and these factors can be related to the postoperative pain score.Results: The mechanisms by which pregabalin premedication prolongs motor and sensory blocks using local anesthetics in spinal anesthesia are not fully understood.There may be several reasons for the prolongation of spinal anesthesia.Gabapentinoids are an raminobutyric acid analog that binds to α2-δ subunit of presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels, and this inhibition decreases postsynaptic excitability by reducing potassiumevoked excitatory transmitter release.These medications provide antiepileptic, anxiolytic, and analgesic features by modulating both GABAergic neurotransmission and calcium influx.Gabapentinoid compounds produce a significant and clinically important improvement in preoperative anxiety scores.Since patients may be anxious in the perioperative period, the anxiolytic effects and euphorigenic effects of pregabalin may be beneficial.
Pregabalin
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Autobiographical Memory
Emotional valence
Affect
Emotional Memory
Low arousal theory
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Alternative propositions to female achievement motivation theory were investigated in this study. The subjects were 139 Brazilian women selected from a pool of 619 female college students previously classified by levels of achievement (Ach) and affiliative (Aff) needs. The subjects were assigned to three experimental conditions—neutral, affiliation arousal, and achievement arousal—and wrote stories that were analyzed by a projective measure (MPAM). A significant Achievement Level × Treatment Interaction revealed that achievement arousal increased the Ach scores of High Ach subjects but did not affect the scores of Low Ach subjects. Level of affiliative tendencies did not affect these results. Contrary to some of the speculations, achievement arousal did not inhibit the scores of High Ach-High Aff women. Overall, affiliation arousal did not produce the expected effects. However, within the affiliation-arousal condition, High Aff subjects obtained significantly higher scores than Low Aff subjects.
Affect
Need for achievement
Low arousal theory
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An increasing body of research has investigated the effect of emotions on judgments concerning moral transgressions. Yet, few studies have controlled for arousal levels associated with the emotions. High arousal may affect moral processing by triggering attention to salient features of transgressions, independently of valence. Therefore previously documented differences in effects of negative and positive emotions may have been confounded by differences in arousal. We conducted two studies to shed light on this issue. In Study 1 we developed a questionnaire including vignettes selected on the basis of psychometrical properties (i.e., mean ratings of the actions and variability). This questionnaire was administered to participants in Study 2, after presenting them with selected pictures inducing different valence but equivalent levels of arousal. Negative pictures led to more severe moral judgments than neutral (p = .054, d = 0.60) and positive pictures (p = .002, d = 1.02), for vignettes that were not associated with extreme judgments. In contrast, positive pictures did not reliably affect judgments concerning such vignettes. These findings suggest that the observed effects of emotions cannot be accounted for by an increase in attention linked to the arousal which accompanies these emotions.
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Social Isolation
Low arousal theory
Isolation
Stimulus (psychology)
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