A BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF HIGH COPPER AMALGAM AND GLASS IONOMER-SILVER CEMENT
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This study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect in vitro and the tissue response within the rat peritoneal cavity to high copper amalgam and glass ionomer-silver cement, suggested for use as a retrograde endodontic filling material. In the cytotoxicity experiment, the radioactively () labeled L929 mouse fibroblasts were employed to determine the relative cytotoxicity of two experimental materials. Those materials were evaluated immediately after set and after one and seven days setting. In the tissue response experiment, two experimental materials were to evaluate mean peritoneal cellular count, differential cell count and the content of silver and copper in pooled packed cells and eluate samples taken by peritoneal lavage technique, and compared with surgical control after one day. two, four and six weeks of implantation. The results were as following: 1. High copper amalgam exhibited significant cytotoxicity immediately after set but showed no sign of toxicity after one day and seven days setting materials. 2. Glass ionomer-silver cement showed no sign of toxicity immediately after set and after one day and seven days setting. 3. High copper amalgam and glass ionomer-silver cement groups produce no significant difference in the mean peritoneal cell count when compared with the surgical control group after one day, two and four weeks of implantation. Surgical control group exhibited significantly a greater cell count when compared with the High copper amalgam group after six weeks. 4. High copper amalgam group increased significantly in the percentage macrophages after four and six weeks of implantation when compared with surgical control group. 5. The trace metal analysis involved an increased silver content in the elutes and an increased copper content in the packed cells of high copper amalgam group, and an increased silver content in the packed cells and elutes of glass ionomer-silver cement group.Keywords:
Amalgam (chemistry)
Glass ionomer cement
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This study evaluated the histopathologic reactions of rat connective tissue to two glass-ionomer cements (Fuji Cap II, Fuji Ionomer Type III) and two microfilled light-cured composite resins (Helio-molar Radiopaque and Helioprogress). IRM (zinc oxide-eugenol cement) was used as a control. Discs of the materials, 5 mm in diameter and 2 mm thick, that had set for 15 minutes were implanted under the dorsal skin of 75 Sprague-Dawley rats. There were 15 rats in each group and each animal received two identical implants. Five rats from each group were terminated at 7, 28 and 85 days after implantation. Histologic sections of the implant sites were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Findings at all study periods indicated that Fuji Ionomer Type III elicited more intense reactions than the other materials. Reactions to Fuji Cap II, Heliomolar Radiopaque and Helioprogress, at all study periods, were comparable to each other and to IRM.
Glass ionomer cement
Zinc oxide eugenol
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Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of conventional glass ionomer cement with the addition of antibacterial constituents in its liquid preparation. Two groups of glass ionomers prepared with propolis and chlorhexidine and a third group without any additive used as control were sterilized by low-temperature hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilizer at the sterilization unit. Seven to eight disk-shaped restorative materials of each group were placed on the Mueller Hinton Agar with sheep blood 5% v/v, on which Streptococcus mutans inoculated. The plates were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO2 for 24 to 48 hours. After 24-hour and 48-hour-incubation, inhibition zone diameters of each restorative materials were measured. No distinct inhibition zone was reported; only a slight zone (6 mm) around the contact surfaces of each material was observed after the 24-hour and 48-hour incubations. No significant difference was observed in the inhibition zone diameters between the two test groups and control. Within the limitations of this study, results revealed that there was no antibacterial difference among glass ionomers prepared with propolis and chlorhexidine.
Glass ionomer cement
Propolis
Sterilization
Agar diffusion test
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Background and aims. The aim of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of calcium-enriched mixture cement (CEM), composite resin and nano-particled mineral trioxide aggregate (NP-MTA) using human gingival fibroblasts. Materials and methods. A comparative in vitro cell culture study was carried out using 60 single-rooted teeth which were assigned to the following four groups: 1) untreated healthy group (control); 2) restored with composite resin; 3) CEM cement; 4) NP-MTA. The MTT assay was used to measure the viability of fibroblasts attached to each specimen and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for describing cell morphology. Results. After 24 hours of incubation, the survival rates for composite resin and NP-MTA were 74.1% and 76.9%, respectively, which were significantly lower than the value in the control group, while both were equally biocompatible. No statistically significant difference was found between the control group and CEM cement samples (94.3%). After 3 days of incubation, some increases in the viability of fibroblasts were detected in the composite resin and NP-MTA groups, with their survival rates being 89% and 93%, respectively. Conversely, in the CEM cement group, the survival rate decreased to 80.7%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group (P = 0.0001). Conclusion. The results of in vitro tests indicated that on days 1, 3 and 5 after incubation, composite resin, CEM cement and NP-MTA exhibited acceptable biocompatibility, provided they were allowed to set for 24 hours before exposure to the cells.
Biocompatibility
Viability assay
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The aim of this study was to evaluate histopathologically the pulp tissue response of the researched materials 7 and 30 days after their application. The reaction of pulp tissue has been examined on first upper molars in 24 Wistar rats, following the previously set parameters. For that purpose, 48 class V cavities were prepared with a high-speed handpiece using a diamond burr under copious water-cooling. The cavities were divided into four groups. In the cavities from the first group we applied Fuji Lining LC, and in the secound group cavities we applied Fuji IX as a base. In the third and fourth group cavities we applied Prime and Bond and G Bong as a base. All the cavities were restored with liquid light cured composite. Seven days after the application, 3 rats from each group were killed and the restored teeth were extracted and immersed in a fixative solution, Osteomol. After removing the Osteomol, the specimens were processed according to histological procedures. The histological evaluation was made using a light microscope connected to a video camera. Thirty days after the application of the dental materials we re-did the procedure with the other restored teeth. For Fuji Lining LC and Fuji IX most of the specimens exhibited no pulpal response or slight inflammatory reaction associated with slight tissue disorganization during a seven-day period. A slight to moderate inflammatory pulpal response occurred in the specimens restored with G Bond, while Prime and Bond exhibited the strongest toxic effect on the pulp tissue. After 30 days the pulp tissue in all groups recovered and displayed a normal appearance.
Glass ionomer cement
Fixative
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Aim: To assess the cytotoxicity of polycarbonate orthodontic
brackets. Methods: Polycarbonate brackets from two different
manufacturers, namely, Composite bracket (Morelli™) and Silkon
Plus bracket (American Orthodontics™), were assessed. In addition
to these two experimental groups, other three control groups were
included: Positive Control Group (C+) consisting of amalgam cylinders,
Negative Control Group (C-) consisting of glass rods, and Cell Control
Group (CC) consisting of cells not exposed to any material. All
brackets were previously sterilized under ultra-violet light (UV) and,
then, immersed in Eagle’s minimum essential media (MEM) for 24
hours, after which the supernatants were removed and placed into
contact with L929 fibroblast cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated at 24,
48, 72 and 168 hours. After contact with MEM, the cells were further
incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and 100 mL of 0.01% neutral red dye
were added. The cells were incubated again at 37°C for three hours
to incorporate the dye. After this period, the cells were fixed and
viable cell counting was performed by spectrophotometry at 492 nm
wavelength. Results: No statistically significant difference was
found between the experimental groups (1 and 2) and the negative and
cell control groups (p > 0.05). The Positive Control Group exhibited
high cytotoxicity throughout experimental period are differed
significantly from the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions:
Polycarbonate orthodontic brackets were found not to be cytotoxic
within the evaluated experimental period.
Polycarbonate
Negative control
Positive control
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Glass ionomer cement
Biocompatibility
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of calcium hydroxide and glass ionomer cement fillings on the levels of and in experimentally inflamed rat dental pulp. The dental pulp in the mandibular incisor of wistar rat was irritated by cutting a 5mm deep hole in the dentin with a twist drill bur of 0.5mm diameter, without cooling. The cavities were filled with calcium hydroxide(light-cured) and glass ionomer cement(light cured). The untreated pulp served as control tissue specimen. After cavity preparations, the rat with or without various treatment were sacrificed in various time by decapitation. The dental pulp tissue were carefully removed and the concentrations of and were determined by radioimmunoassay. And pulps were examined histologically to observe inflammatory feature. The result were obtained as follows : 1. The inflammatory features of pulps were observed microscopically in all experimental groups. And degree of inflammation was decreased with time. 2. The concentrations of and for all experimental groups were significantly higher than those for control group 6 hours after cavity preparation(p and 6 hours after cavity preparation. In the concentrations of , significant differences among 3 groups were noted(p and 24 hours after cavity preparation. And there were statistically significant difference in concentrations of between the group of irritation and the group filled with calcium hydroxide(p and 48 hours after cavity preparation. But no statistically difference was found (p>0.05). 6. The concentrations of and in all experimental groups were highest level at 6 hour after experiment and decreased as time progresses(correlation coefficient>0.8).
Glass ionomer cement
Pulp capping
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The present study was designed to help elucidate the effect of glass ionomer cements on the exposed dental pulp by means of histologic examination. A total of 40 cavities of class V were prepared on the teeth of 4 dogs with exposure of 1mm in diameter on the bases of them. 20 cavities were filled with glass ionomer cement as the experimental group and the other 20 cavities were filled with zinc oxide eugenol cement as the control group. The dogs were sacrificed at one, two, three, and four weeks after filling, and the specimens were routinely prepared and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The obtained microscopic findings were as follows: Inflammatory cell infiltrations were observed in control in 1 week, which decreased markedly with time. In all control groups, hemorrhage around exposed pulp tissue and coagulation change of pulp were observed. Secondary dentin formation and thickened predentin were observed in 4 week cases, and the recovery of pulp tissue was favorable on the whole. Inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in all GIC groups. Proliferation of blood vessel and congestion were observed with coagulation changes around the exposed pulp tissue. Secondary dentin formation and thickened predentin were observed in 3 weeks. In the experimental 4 week case, secondary dentin formation was evident. On the whole, pulpal irritation of glass ionomer cement was relatively severe. Recovery of pulp tissue in GIC groups was less favorable compared with that of ZOE groups.
Glass ionomer cement
Zinc oxide eugenol
Pulp capping
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Coronal or apical leakage is a major cause of endodontic treatment failure. To evaluate sucrose as a tracer for leakage testing for various filling materials involved in endodontic treatment. The stability of sucrose and glucose was examined by immersing 11 common filling materials (1.5 × 3 mm blocks, cured for 1 week at 37°C in 100% relative humidity; n = 10 for each) in a 10mM solution of either sucrose or glucose. The concentration of the solution was measured after 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks of immersion and compared. Then, the two tracers were used to test the sealing ability of zinc oxide–eugenol cement (IRM) and amalgam root-end fillings. Each material (n = 40 for each) was equally divided into two subgroups, these were evaluated with either glucose or sucrose as the tracer substance, and the amount of leakage was determined after 24 h, and 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks. Sucrose was stable with all materials at all time points. The concentration of glucose had significantly diminished after 1 week of immersion with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or Sealapex (P < 0.001), but not with other filling materials (P > 0.05). Leakage results were similar (P > 0.05) when glucose and sucrose were used as the tracer substance, respectively. Amalgam leaked significantly less than IRM after 3 (sucrose test) and 4 weeks (glucose test) (P < 0.05). Sucrose appears to be stable in the presence of various endodontic materials, and can be used as a stable tracer substance for detecting endodontic microleakage.
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