Industrial Applicability of Antireflection-Coating-Free Black Silicon on PERC Solar Cells and Modules
Toni P. PasanenVille VähänissiFranziska WolnyAlexander OehlkeMatthias WagnerMikko JuntunenIsmo T. S. HeikkinenEmma SalmiSami SneckHenri VahlmanAntti TolvanenJaakko HyvärinenHele Savin
2
Citation
0
Reference
20
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Keywords:
Black silicon
Passivated emitter and rear solar cells (PERC) on the p-type multicrystalline silicon substrate have become the focus of recent laboratory and industrial-based research because of its promising mass production perspective. This paper presents the most recent studies on PERC solar cells and reveals the realization of a world record efficiency of 20.8% PERC solar cell fabricated with screen printing technology on 156 mm × 156 mm multicrystalline substrates. To further increase cell efficiency, an optical loss analysis was conducted, which shows that the current loss due to the nonoptimum light trapping dominates the overall optical loss. Based on the analysis, an efficiency of 21.3% is achievable in the near future with further optimization.
Cite
Citations (38)
Passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC) on p-type monocrystalline Si wafers are currently being introduced to mass production by various manufacturers and have been widely researched. We describe and characterize our recent batch of PERC cells, fabricated on 156×156 mm 2 wafers with an industrial process sequence and industrial equipment. The champion cell has an efficiency of 22.13% and a V oc of 680.3mV, confirmed by FrauhoferCalLab, and is the first world record to exceed 22% in the category of industrial-type large-area mono PERC cells with printed front and rear contacts. The improved surface passivation and optimized doping profile have reduced the saturation currents of the heavily and lightly doped emitter parts to 111 fA/cm 2 and 26.3 fA/cm 2 , respectively, which are the main contributions to the cell efficiency improvements.
Passivation
Cite
Citations (52)
Silicon solar cell
Cite
Citations (0)
Characterization
Process development
Cite
Citations (0)
Passivated emitter and rear contact cells are being more and more popular at present. In this paper, a novel technology for multi -crystalline silicon solar cells based on PERC are reported in which boron diffusion and SiNx dielectric layer are selected as the rear passivation. Industrial mass production of this technology has been implemented in a factory. Compared to ALBSF cells, about 0.6% efficiency gains was obtained. Most of the existing equipments for producing conventional ALBSF solar cells can be utilized in this technology, so this technology provides a more cost efficient solution for next generation solar cells.
Passivation
Cite
Citations (0)
Industrial Czochralski silicon (Cz-Si) photovoltaic (PV) efficiencies have routinely reached >20% with the passivated emitter rear cell (PERC) design. Nanostructuring silicon (black-Si) by dry-etching decreases surface reflectance, allows diamond saw wafering, enhances metal gettering, and may prevent power conversion efficiency degradation under light exposure. Black-Si allows a potential for >20% PERC cells using cheaper multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) materials, although dry-etching is widely considered too expensive for industrial application. This study analyzes this economic potential by comparing costs of standard texturized Cz-Si and black mc-Si PERC cells. Manufacturing sequences are divided into steps, and costs per unit power are individually calculated for all different steps. Baseline costs for each step are calculated and a sensitivity analysis run for a theoretical 1 GW/year manufacturing plant, combining data from literature and industry. The results show an increase in the overall cell processing costs between 15.8% and 25.1% due to the combination of black-Si etching and passivation by double-sided atomic layer deposition. Despite this increase, the cost per unit power of the overall PERC cell drops by 10.8%. This is a significant cost saving and thus energy policies are reviewed to overcome challenges to accelerating deployment of black mc-Si PERC across the PV industry.
Black silicon
Passivation
Carrier lifetime
Dry etching
Cite
Citations (0)
The latest results on the use of porous silicon (PS) as an antireflection coating (ARC) in simplified processing for multicrystalline silicon solar cells are presented. The optimization of a PS selective emitter formation results in a 14.1% efficiency multicrystalline (5/spl times/5 cm/sup 2/) Si cell with evaporated contacts processed without texturization, surface passivation, or additional ARC deposition. Specific attention is given to the implementation of a PS ARC into an industrially compatible screen-printed solar cell process. Both the chemical and electrochemical PS ARC formation method are used in different solar cell processes, as well as on different multicrystalline silicon materials. Efficiencies between 12.1 and 13.2% are achieved on large-area (up to 164 cm/sup 2/) commercial Si solar cells.
Porous Silicon
Passivation
Anti-reflective coating
Cite
Citations (83)
P-type multi-crystalline passivated emitter and rear solar cells (PERC) become the focus of recent laboratory and industrial base research due to its promising mass production perspective. This paper presents the most recent works on PERC solar cells and reveals the realization of a world record efficiency of 20.8% PERC solar cell fabricated with screen printing technology on 156 mm × 156 mm multi-crystalline substrates. To further increase the cell efficiency, an optical loss analysis was conducted, which shows that the current loss due to the poor light trapping dominates the overall optical loss. Based on the analysis, an efficiency of 21.3% is achievable in the near future with further optimization.
Screen printing
Cite
Citations (3)
To overcome the limits encountered in P/Al solar cells on multicrystalline material, a cell structure with local rear contacts, called PERC cell (passivated emitter and rear contacts) is proposed. A solar cell process has been designed to implement the structure, with good results achieved in the first batches. An efficiency of 17% has been achieved on low resistivity multicrystalline silicon.
Silicon solar cell
Cell structure
Cite
Citations (1)
Silicon solar cell
Cite
Citations (0)