Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP): a health survey in an East German region. Objectives and design of the oral health section.
E HenselDietmar GeschReiner BiffarOlaf BernhardtThomas KocherChristian H. SpliethGabriele BornUlrich John
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The goal of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) was to estimate the prevalence of diseases, identify potential risk factors in a defined region in northeast Germany, and examine the particular living situation of this population after the reunification of East and West Germany. One of the main concerns of the SHIP design is the analysis of the relationships between dental, medical, social, and environmentally and behaviorally determined health factors. SHIP is a cross-sectional study (clinical findings and sociologic interviews). The sample was drawn in two steps: Thirty-two communities in the region were selected, and within these communities, a simple random sample was drawn from residence registries, stratified by gender and age. The final sample included 4,310 males and females, aged 20 to 79 years. This is equivalent to a participation rate of 68.8%. Data collection was completed in May 2001. The data collection and items comprised four parts: oral health examination, medical examination, health-related interview, and a health- and risk-factor-related questionnaire. The oral health examination included the teeth, periodontium, oral mucosa, morphology and function of the craniomandibular system, and prosthodontics. The medical examination included blood pressure measurements; electrocardiography; echocardiography; carotid, thyroid, and liver ultrasound examinations; neurologic screening; and blood and urine sampling. The computer-assisted interview consisted of questions on symptoms of disease, utilization of medical and dental services, self-assessment of general and oral health, health behavior and knowledge, and socioeconomic variables. The self-administered questionnaire comprised housing conditions, social network, work conditions, subjective well-being, and individual consequences of the German reunification.Keywords:
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The dynamic nature of household composition in a population of elderly persons, with particular focus on Black-White and urban-rural differences, is described in this study. The Duke EPESE is a stratified, random household sample (N = 4,162) of elderly persons in a five-county mixed urban-rural area of North Carolina with respondents contacted annually to report on health and social factors. Between 1986 and 1990, 35 percent of the households underwent some change in composition, with 14 percent contracting and/or expanding more than once. Where elders lived alone and where married elders lived with the spouse and/or others, Black elders were significantly more likely to experience a net expansion of their household than were White elders of the same age, gender, socioeconomic, and functional status. Elderly residents of rural areas who lived alone were slightly more likely to add one or more persons to their households than were comparable elderly urban residents. No additional risk of household instability was noted in sociodemographic or health-related subgroups by race or residence. Future analyses should examine the outcomes of instability.
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The epidemic tobacco use is a public health concern worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of tobacco use and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Shiraz, Iran.In total, 5873 adults aged 20 and older were included in this study from the city of Shiraz, Iran, from June to October 2015. The sampling was conducted using the stratified random sampling method. Active cigarette, hookah, and second-hand smokers were labeled as tobacco users in this study. Past smokers and non-smokers were labeled as non-tobacco users. The participants' socioeconomic status (SES) was determined based on their self-reported level of education, occupation, income, and residence.In this study, 35.4% of the participants were tobacco users. The prevalence of active cigarette, active hookah, dual-users, and secondhand smokers was 13.3%, 8.3%, 0.4%, and 13.4%, respectively. The prevalence of tobacco use was highest among individuals with primary education level (40.9%), manual jobs (46.4%), lowest income level (38.1%), and those living in the suburban areas (36.4%). In multivariate analysis, the most socioeconomic factors related to tobacco usage were lack of academic education, manual job, and low-income level.Tobacco control efforts should be more focused on vulnerable groups of cigarette and hookah users in the southwest of Iran. Moreover, SES and reduction of health-related disparities and inequality should be considered a crucial concern in this regard.
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Objectives: To examine the risk factors of mortality stratified by physical and mental multimorbidity (PMM) and area socioeconomic status. Methods: Cox regression analyses were used to study 3-year all-cause mortality in primary care older adults stratified by PMM status, and area of residence material and social deprivation. Results: There were socioeconomic differences in the associations between PMM and mortality. Continuity of care decreased mortality risk in moderately and most deprived areas. Satisfaction with medical consultations decreased mortality risk in moderately deprived areas. Current smoking increased mortality in those living in moderately and most deprived areas. Physical activity reduced mortality only in individuals without PMM. Higher cognition was associated with reduced mortality in individuals living in moderately deprived areas. Discussion: Public health policies should be further encouraged in primary care, aiming at increased continuity of care, quality of interactions with patients, and prevention strategies including smoking cessation programs and physical activity promotion.
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Objective To assess the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and dietary sodium intake, and to identify if the major dietary sources of sodium differ by socioeconomic group in a nationally representative sample of Australian children. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting 2007 Australian National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Participants A total of 4487 children aged 2–16 years completed all components of the survey. Primary and secondary outcome measures Sodium intake was determined via one 24 h dietary recall. The population proportion formula was used to identify the major sources of dietary salt. SES was defined by the level of education attained by the primary carer. In addition, parental income was used as a secondary indicator of SES. Results Dietary sodium intake of children of low SES background was 2576 (SEM 42) mg/day (salt equivalent 6.6 (0.1) g/day), which was greater than that of children of high SES background 2370 (35) mg/day (salt 6.1 (0.1) g/day; p<0.001). After adjustment for age, gender, energy intake and body mass index, low SES children consumed 195 mg/day (salt 0.5 g/day) more sodium than high SES children (p<0.001). Low SES children had a greater intake of sodium from processed meat, gravies/sauces, pastries, breakfast cereals, potatoes and potato snacks (all p<0.05). Conclusions Australian children from a low SES background have on average a 9% greater intake of sodium from food sources compared with those from a high SES background. Understanding the socioeconomic patterning of salt intake during childhood should be considered in interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease.
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Introduction: Dental diseases poses a serious public health problem in children and thus children often remain deprived from oral health care due to various barriers like low socioeconomic status, parental ignorance, ill-literacy etc. which hinder them to receive optimum dental services.The Purpose of the present study is to determine these barriers which may help to provide comprehensive dental care to these children.Aim: To find out the barriers of not attending dental clinics by the parents/caregivers of children belonging to low socioeconomic status.Methods: For this study a structured validated, reliable and pre-tested close-ended questionnaire was employed to collect the data from the 200 parents belonging to the lower socioeconomic status in area of Gandhi Nagar, Indore.An informed consent was taken from participants.Interview method in their preferred language was used to collect the data.The questionnaire consisted of Socio-demographic information (viz name, age, gender, education, occupation of parents/caregivers), Knowledge and attitude regarding their oral health care, Perception regarding importance of visiting dental institute and reasons for non-utilization of oral health care services which included the various barriers.For Statistical analysis Chisquare test , Pearson's correlation test and Internal consistency by using Cronbach alpha coefficient was used and p -value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Mean Age of study subjects was 25.65±1.94yrs.There was equal distribution of males and females among subjects.Majority of them were illiterate and daily wage workers.Reliability analysis showing internal consistency was adequate: Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.82, (recommended >0.70).Commonest reason for non utilization of dental services was lack of time followed by financial constraints and distance from dental clinics.There was a significant positive correlation observed between utilization of oral health care services by the parents /caregivers and utilization of oral health care services for their children (r=0.443;p value<0.001).Conclusions: Parents have strong influence on the child oral health and there is the need of Communitybased initiatives, including school-based programs to developing trust with providers and encouraging and supporting caregiver-controlled care.
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Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancers and chronic respiratory diseases, have remained the major burden and threat of the world with quite alarming rise in the developing nations. Eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of many chronic diseases.
Methods: Community-based cross-sectional survey based on the World Health Organization (WHO) NCD Stepwise approach was done. The survey was conducted in the 9 regions and two city administrations (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) in Ethiopia. The target population for this survey included all men and women age 15-69 years old who consider Ethiopia to be their primary place of residence. A single population-proportion formula was used to determine the sample size: design effect coefficient of 1.5, Z-score of1.96, proportion of 35.2%and marginal error of 0.04. A total of 513 EAs were covered nationwide. Thus, 10,260 study participants were included in the study. A mix of sampling approach namely stratified, three-stage cluster sampling, simple random sampling and Kish method were employed to select the study settings and the study participants. Descriptive weighted analysis was done along with complex sample analysis, and bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted for fruit and/or vegetable intake.
Result: The prevalence of fruit and/or vegetable consumption in Ethiopia was found to be (1.5%). More female than male ate fruit and vegetable in Ethiopia. When adjusted for included demographic and residence confounders (age, sex, location, income, education), those in rural area of residence ate ≥5 servings of fruits and vegetable [OR and (95% CI) [2.77 (1.60, 4.80)] than their counterparts.
Conclusion and recommendation: Fruits and/or vegetables intake was generally extremely low. As the general level of risk factors rises, more people are put at risk. Preventive interventions to address these behaviours are implemented at individual, group, and community levels and include education, access to fruits and vegetables should therefore aim at reducing risk throughout the population. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2017;31(Special Issue):355-361]
Key Words: STEPs survey, fruit, vegetables, Ethiopia
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International (ISSN: 2456-9119) is dedicated to publish high quality papers in all areas of pharmaceutical Science including pharmaceutical drugs, community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, clinical pharmacy, compounding pharmacy, consultant pharmacy, internet pharmacy, veterinary pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, military pharmacy, pharmacy informatics, pharmaceutics, medicinal chemistry, pharmacognosy, pharmacotherapy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, psychopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, pharmacoepidemiology, toxicology, theoretical pharmacology, posology, pharmacognosy, behavioral pharmacology, environmental pharmacology, medicine development and safety testing, drug legislation and safety, pharmaceutical microbiology, pharmaceutical molecular biology, pharmaceutical biotechnology. The journal also encourages the submission of useful reports of negative results. This is a quality controlled, OPEN peer reviewed, open access INTERNATIONAL journal.
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