An X-Ray Investigation of Some Aqueous Zirconium(IV) Halide, a Hafnium(IV) Chloride, and Some Zirconium(IV) Perchlorate Solutions.
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Keywords:
Perchlorate
Hafnium
Hafnium
Reactivity
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Solvent extraction and separation between zirconium and hafnium under acid medium were carried out with diisobutyl ketone(DIBK) as extractant and TBP or P204 as additive.The effects of acid medium,TBP addition,P204 addition and salting-out agent(NH4)2SO4 addition on the extraction and separation of hafnium from zirconium were investigated,respectively.The results show that DIBK selectively extracts the hafnium only in HSCN medium,and the extraction rate of hafnium and separation factor of hafnium and zirconium can significantly be improved when TBP or P204 is added.The separation factor of hafnium from zirconium is 9,and the extraction and separation of zirconium and hafnium with DIBK is similar to the performance of MIBK.
Hafnium
Methyl isobutyl ketone
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Chemical properties of zirconium and hafnium is very similar,the extraction of zirconium and hafnium separation is main method. The mechanism of different solvent extraction separation of zirconium and hafnium was reviewed,such as MIBK extracting hafnium,( DIBK)-P204 extracting hafnium,TBP extracting zirconium,N235-H2SO4 extracting zirconium,and the mechanism of other solvent extraction system,petroleum sulfoxide,Versatic Acid10,Cyanex301,LIX 84-IC,etc. The application of relatively mature system of extraction separation of zirconium and hafnium in industrial were compared,and the promote industrialization direction of the extraction separation of zirconium and hafnium were discussed as follows: the new extractant research,extraction agent modification of existing research,minimum consumption extractant,the new extraction technology of short time extraction research.
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Hafnium
Zirconium alloy
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Abstract Pyrogallolsulfonephthalein and its complexes with zirconium and hafnium were spectrophotometrically studied in HClO 4 and NaClO 4 solutions of various p H's. An absorption maximum at 472 mμ has been found for pyrogallolsulfonephthalein at p H 1.0 and 1.5. It shifts to 518 and 520mμ in the presence of zirconium at p H 1.0 and hafnium at p H 1.5, respectively. The mole ratios of both metals to the dye have been found to be 1:1, and the apparent instability constants of the complexes are estimated as 1.34×10 −5 for the former and 7.06×10 −6 for the latter.
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Hafnium at concentrations of 0·2 per cent. m/m and above in hafnium-zirconium mixtures can be determined spectrofluorimetrically via its complex with quercetin in 55 per cent. perchloric acid. There is no interference from zirconium.
Hafnium
Perchloric acid
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In the course of a rather cursory examination of the elution of tetra-positive ions from the cation exchange resin Dowex 50 with hydrochloric acid solutions, the authors have discovered a very effective method of separating zirconium from hafnimu. In view of the great labor involved in preparing even reasonably pure hafnium compounds by existing methods, they feel that this procedure will prove very valuable to those interested in obtaining hafnium compounds free of zirconium. Although the conditions which give satisfactory separation were first worked out using microgram amounts of material and the radioactive tracer technique, the run described here, involving milligrams of material, illustrates the applicability of the method to the production of significant amounts of pure hafnium and zirconium.
Hafnium
Hydrochloric acid
TRACER
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The available chemical and physical methods are discussed. The former are restricted to the determination of more than 0·1 per cent. of hafnium in zirconium. Emission spectrography, X-ray fluorescence and, especially, neutron-activation analysis can be used for trace hafnium determination in zirconium.
Hafnium
Zirconium alloy
Neutron Activation Analysis
Neutron activation
Trace Amounts
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The extraction kinetics of zirconium and hafnium in DIBK-P204 system were studied.The effects of stirring speed,interfacial area and temperature on the extraction rates of hafnium and zirconium were investigated with constant interface cell.The results show that the extraction rates of hafnium and zirconium in DIBK-P204 system fit with pseudo-first order reaction.The reaction types for hafnium and zirconium extraction are reaction control within phase and mixed-control.The apparent activation energy of hafnium and zirconium is-32.193 kJ/mol and-18.984 kJ/mol respectively.
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