Processed soybean meal as an alternative protein source for yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) feed
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The goal of this study was to compare conventional soybean meal (SBM) with modified SBM (MSBM) after chemical and enzyme pretreatment to potentially reduce the antinutritional factors (ANF), as a fishmeal (FM) replacer at 50% or 100% in the diets of yellow perch (Perca flavescens). Half of the SBM and MSBM diets contained an enzyme cocktail (of phytase and carbohydrate-degrading enzyme), and the other half received no enzyme supplementations. Fingerlings (297; initial weight, 11.01 ± 0.19 g) were randomly distributed over nine treatments, in triplicate, and fed these isonitrogenous diets (crude protein 410 g/kg) that included replacing FM with SBM at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (S50, S100, S50+E or S100+E, respectively), MSMB at 50% or 100% without or with enzyme supplementations (MS50, MS100, MS50+E or MS100+E, respectively) or a control FM-based diet. After 10 weeks, the growth performance, feeding efficiencies, proximate composition, intestinal/pyloric caeca digestive enzymes and liver metabolic/antioxidant enzymes in P. flavescens were measured. The highest (p < 0.05) growth performance and nutrient utilization parameters (protein efficiency ratio and protein productive value, PPV) were observed for the MS50+E group, which was not statistically different to parameters for the control and MS50 groups, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher than all other groups. The lowest and highest growth performance and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were observed in the S100, S100+E and MS100 groups. The highest protease activity (in both intestine and pyloric caeca) was observed for the control group, but was significantly similar to MS50, MS50+E and S50+E groups. The lowest value was observed for 100% replacement of FM protein by SBM and MSBM fed groups. However, inclusion of exogenous enzymes in feed showed positive effects in MS50+E (compared to MS50) for PPV, lipid productive value and amylase activity in the intestine. Activity of protein metabolism enzymes (i.e., alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase) in the liver was the highest in the control group, which was similar (p < 0.05) to the MS50+E and MS50 groups. Antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase) in the liver were the lowest in the control group, which was significantly similar (p < 0.05) to the group given the feed with 50% replacement of FM protein. Complete (100%) replacement of FM protein exhibited the highest antioxidant enzyme activity. Conclusively, performance of the MS50 and MS50+E groups was similar to the FM group and better than SBM group; therefore, MSBM with high protein and low ANFs has considerable potential as an alternative to FM in aquafeed.Seriola quinqueradiata
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A 60-day feeding trial was conducted in a static indoor rearing system in 12 glass aquaria to investigate the possibility of using soybean meal protein in lieu of fishmeal as dietary protein source for Labeo rohita fry. Four iso-nitrogenous (30% protein) and iso-caloric (19 kJ/g GE) experimental diets were prepared as: diet 1 (100% fishmeal protein), diet 2 (75% fishmeal protein + 25% soybean meal protein), diet 3 (50% fishmeal protein + 50% soybean meal protein) and diet 4 (25% fishmeal protein + 75% soybean meal protein) and were fed to triplicate groups of 10 fish (per aquarium). Fish were fed two times daily at a rate of 5% of their body weight during the entire experimental period. The feeding ration was adjusted every 10th day through sampling of fish. Growth rate, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed with diet 2, but those were similar to the diets 1 and 3. Analysis of proximate composition of the whole fish fed with different diets did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The growth rates, FCR and PER as obtained from the different treatments indicate that fishmeal protein could be replaced up to 50% by soybean meal protein in the diet of L. rohita fry without supplementation of amino acids. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i2.13143 The Agriculturists 2012; 10(2) 68-76
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Menhaden
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The objective of the present study was to evaluate replacement of white fishmeal by soybean meal in practical diets for Black Sea turbot (Psetta maeotica) at levels of 0, 10%, and 20%. The diets were fed to triplicate groups of juvenile Black Sea turbot (initial body weight 18 g) for 60 days. At the end of the trial, there were no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, and nitrogen retention between the control group fed 100% fishmeal and the experimental groups fed 10% or 20% soybean meal. In conclusion, 20% inclusion of soybean meal can allow reduction of white fishmeal by up to 14%, leading to savings on fishmeal protein.
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Two growth trials were conducted to evaluate the nutritional quality of several soybean products as constituents in diets for the gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata (L.). In a preliminary experiment, the fish were fed six diets containing different levels of solvent extracted soybean meal as a replacement for white fishmeal at four substitution levels: 10, 20, 30 and 40% of the fishmeal protein component. The diets supported less growth as the inclusion of soybean meal increased. However, significant reductions in growth were apparent at the 30% substitution level. All growth parameters followed the same trend. In the second experiment, six diets with 35% of the total protein contributed from differently processed soybean meals were tested. The products included three industrial full-fat meals heat processed for different periods, a solvent extracted meal and a soya protein concentrate. Protein digestibility coefficients were measured for all the experimental diets. All growth parameters of the fish fed the underheated full-fat meal, solvent extracted meal and soya concentrate were significantly lower than the control group. Protein digestibility coefficients were similar with no statistical differences (P < 0.05).
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Plant protein
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56 star cross brown-579 commercial layers of 43 weeks of age were taken into experiment and grouped into 4.It was found that D 4 (20% coconut oil meal + 12.5% soybean oil meal) consumed highest feed (126.5 g/d) than D 1 (125.1 g/d), D 3 (124.2g/d) and D 2 (123.3 g/d).The hen lay egg production of D 1 , D 2 and D 3 dietary groups almost similar but of D 4 was higher.The higher egg weight (64.4 g/egg) was observed in D 2 dietary group and lowest in D 4 group (61.5).The D 4 dietary group showed lower feed efficiency (2.61) than D 1 (2.6), D 3 (2.57) and D 2 (2.52) non-significantly.The live weight gain of the D 2 and D 1 dietary groups were non-significantly higher than those fed on D 3 and D 4 diets.The feed cost was lower for per kg egg production by the D 4 (Tk.23.01) dietary group due to the use of low cost (COM and SOM) vegetable protein based diet but there was no significant differences among the dietary groups.So there is economic feasibility of feeding the coconut oil meal with or without fish meal in layer diets.
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A feeding trial was performed to investigate fermented soybean meal as a direct fishmeal replacement in juvenile Yellow Perch Perca flavescens diets. Four fishmeal replacement levels (25, 50, 75 and 100%) using fermented soybean meal were compared with a fishmeal control diet. Survival, weight gain, food conversion, protein efficiency, viscerosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, Fulton-type condition, and muscle ratio were determined after 105 days. No mortalities were observed during the feeding trial. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly impacted and negatively correlated with increasing fermented soybean meal inclusion. Fish fed diets containing 75% or greater fermented soybean meal failed to reach 100% weight gain by conclusion of the trial. Hepatosomatic index and viscerosomatic index showed no impact by replacement of fishmeal. Fermented soybean meal as a direct replacement for fishmeal does not appear to be a suitable replacement.
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The present research carried out to measure digestible (DE) and Metabolizable Energy (ME) for fishmeal and soybean meal in rainbow trout with two different sizes (120 and 220 g mean body weights). DE and ME are evaluation systems for feedstuffs and also, necessary for diet formulation. The fishes were maintained in metabolic chamber with single ingredient assay of feeding and chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used as an external marker using total fecal collection method. Gross energy and chromic oxide values measured in feces, fishmeal and soybean meal. The results indicated that DE offishmeal was 3700 and 3591 kcal kg(-1) in 120 and 220 g body weight rainbow trout, respectively. Soybean meal had 3004 and 2889 kcal kg(-1) respectively. Calculated ME from DE were 3204 and 3110 kcal kg(-1) for fishmeal and 2601 and 2502 kcal kg(-1) for soybean meal in 120 and 220 g rainbow trout, respectively. The results showed that rainbow trout can utilize fishmeal more efficiently than soybean meal.
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