ChemInform Abstract: Assembly of Substituted 3‐Methyleneisoindolin‐1‐ones via a CuI/L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction Process of 2‐Bromobenzamides and Terminal Alkynes.
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Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.Keywords:
Domino
Tephrosia purpurea Pers. was found to accumulate high proline content in dry habitat. The proline content was higher in shoots, especially in leaves, than in roots. Pod walls and young seeds showed the highest proline content. The proline content of young leaves was higher than that of mature and old leaves. During leaf senescencein vitro proline content increased rapidly upto 6 h and further decreased in leaves as well as in leachate. High proline content seems to be positively related with 'survival capability' of this plant.
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Proline or the proline analogues hydroxy-L-proline and azetidine-2-COOH inhibit the formation of proline from acetate-2- 14 C or glutamate-UL- 14 C in the 5-mm maize root tip. The inhibition of the incorporation of acetate-derived proline into protein is more severe than the inhibition of the total biosynthesis (soluble plus insoluble proline- 14 C). The results suggest that a portion of the proline biosynthesis, which becomes more prominent as the cells mature, is refractory to end product inhibition. The results also show that simultaneous additions of glucose promote the incorporation of proline-UL- 14 C into protein, exaggerate its accumulation as soluble proline, and reduce its oxidation.
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The conversion of proline to glutamic acid and hence to other soluble compounds (proline oxidation) proceeds readily in turgid barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaves and is stimulated by higher concentrations of proline. This suggests that proline oxidation could function as a control mechanism for maintaining low cellular levels of proline in turgid tissue. In water-stressed tissue, however, proline oxidation is reduced to negligible rates. These results are consistent with the idea that proline accumulation results from inactivation by water stress of normal control mechanisms. It seems likely that inhibition of proline oxidation is necessary in maintaining the high levels of proline found in stressed barley leaves.
Glutamic acid
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Isatin
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The number of domino tilings of a region with reflective symmetry across a line is combinatorially shown to depend on the number of domino tilings of particular subregions, modulo 4. This expands upon previous congruency results for domino tilings, modulo 2, and leads to a variety of corollaries, including that the number of domino tilings of a k x 2k rectangle is congruent to 1 mod 4.
Domino
Congruence (geometry)
Rectangle
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In this paper, the preceding relationship between the checkpointing intervals is defined, and the “ reverse precedence” phenomenon is proved to be the essential cause of Domino effect, and three main resolving strategies for Domino effect are presented which are off line or on line Domino avoidance, on line Domino detection and elimination, and on line Domino tolerance.
Domino
Domino Effect
Line (geometry)
Domino logic
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Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Prior) leaves converted more (14)C-glutamic acid to free proline when water-stressed than when turgid; neither decreased protein synthesis nor isotope trapping by the enlarged free proline pools found in wilted tissue seemed to account for the result. This apparent stimulation of proline biosynthesis in wilted leaves was not observed when radioactive ornithine or P5C (Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, an intermediate following glutamate in proline synthesis) were used as proline precursors unless proline levels were high as a result of previous water stress. We interpret this to mean that any stimulation of proline synthesis by water stress must act on P5C formation rather than its reduction to proline. Experiments showing greater apparent conversion of (14)C-glutamate to proline do not unequivocally prove that proline synthesis is stimulated by water stress, as P5C feeding studies show that proline oxidation is inhibited under comparable conditions. This inhibition could account, at least in part, for increased proline labeling, and must be considered an alternate possibility.
Water Stress
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Greenhouse‐grown cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were subjected to a drying cycle when the plants had four true leaves and the proline content of the leaf tissue was determined. Free proline accumulated to about 100 times the concentration of the well‐watered controls as the stress increased. The threshold of the predawn leaf water potential for proline accumulation was about —15 to —17 bars. Total proline content also increased, which suggested that there was some proline synthesis. Free glutamic acid concomitantly decreased. Because proline did not accumulate until the water deficits were quite severe concentration of free proline is not a good indicator of the onset of plant water stress.
Water Stress
Drought stress
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Substituted thiazoles are widely known as natural products, approved drugs, and a number of synthetic compounds as bioactive agents. Due to the worth of this heterocycle nucleus, a large number of synthetic methodologies have been reported over the years to synthesize its derivatives. In this perspective, recent advances in the synthesis of thiazole compounds by using domino/cascade and multicomponent approaches have been summarized.
Thiazole
Domino
Cascade reaction
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