Marine diatom cells and extracellular polymers: nanostructure, nanomechanics and interactions with nanoparticles
Galja PletikapićTea Mišić RadićAlexandre BerquandÜnige MurvaiMiklós KellermayerIvana Vinković VrčekVera Z̆utićVesna Svetličić
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Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) are the most species-rich group of algae, they are single-celled characterized by a silicified cell wall called a frustule. Diatoms are diverse in shape with many distinct features like raphe and fultoportulae. The diatom cell wall morphology and its hierarchy structure make it a unique unicellular organism for nanotechnology research and applications. Diatom cells are a promising system for green synthesis of nanomaterials like metallic nanoparticles (NPs), nanostructured polymers and other nanomaterials. The production of NPs is achieved today by using methods like attrition or pyrolysis. The cost and the toxic substances often used in these common methods of NPs synthesis limit their applications. Therefore, NPs biosynthesis by diatom cultures, which can be done at ambient CO2 concentrations, temperature and pressure, offers a sustainable alternative solution. In this work, we examined the formation of silver NPs (AgNPs) by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum cultivated at 25°C for a period of 8 days. Using this approach, diatom cultures were either grown throughout the duration of the experiment in an artificial seawater (ASW)-f/2 medium enriched with 1 ppm Ag+ or grown in an ASW-f/2 medium where similar silver ion concentrations were added on experimental day 4. We found that 1 ppm Ag+ reduces the P. tricornutum growth by up to 50% as compared with the control. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed the presence of AgNPs nanoparticles with different sizes and chemical composition associated with the diatom frustules and extracellular polymeric substances.
Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Frustule
Nanomaterials
Thalassiosira pseudonana
Silver nanoparticle
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Diatom nanotechnology involves the promising application of native diatoms, diatomite (diatom frustules), diatom replicas, and their composites in microfluidics, biosensors, molecular separation, photoluminescence, biophotonics, gas detection, physical adsorption, diatom composites, nanostructured battery electrodes, controlled drug delivery and energy storage (e.g. supercapacitors) because of their numerous fine microscopic pores, large specific surface area, and high absorption capacity. Herein, we primarily address the recent applications of diatom-based nanostructures in energy-related fields to spur the development of diatom nanotechnology.
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Thalassiosira weissflogii
Bioelectronics
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Studies of silver nanoparticle formation using MWNT-protein/polypeptide conjugates are reported. Our findings suggest that there is selectivity in the formation of silver nanoparticles depending on the nature of the protein. Protein-mediated mineralization is facile and can be carried out under mild conditions, thereby enabling retention of the biological activity of the protein.
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Conjugate
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