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    Temperature as a risk factor of emergency department visits for acute kidney injury: a case-crossover study in Seoul, South Korea
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    Abstract:
    Previous studies show that escalations in ambient temperature are among the risk factors for acute kidney injury (AKI). However, it has not been adequately studied in our location, Seoul, South Korea. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between ambient temperatures and AKI morbidity using emergency department (ED) visit data. We obtained data on ED visits from the National Emergency Medical Center for 21,656 reported cases of AKI from 2010 to 2014. Time-stratified case-crossover design analysis based on conditional logistic regression was used to analyze short-term effects of ambient temperature on AKI after controlling for relevant covariates. The shape of the exposure–response curve, effect modification by individual demographic characteristics, season, and comorbidities, as well as lag effects, were investigated. The odds ratio (OR) per 1 °C increase at lag 0 was 1.0087 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0041–1.0134). Risks were higher during the warm season (OR = 1.0149; 95% CI: 1.0065–1.0234) than during the cool season (OR = 1.0059; 95% CI: 1.0003–1.0116) and even higher above 22.3 °C (OR = 1.0235; 95% CI: 1.0230–1.0239). This study provides evidence that ED visits for AKI were associated with ambient temperature. Early detection and treatment of patients at risk is important in both clinical and economic concerns related to AKI.
    Polyembolokoilamania in the Emergency Department Polyembolokoilamania is a rare but serious medical condition that involves the presence of multiple foreign bodies in the patient's body [1]. This condition can be challenging to diagnose and manage in the emergency department. In this chapter, we will discuss the presentation, diagnosis, and management of polyembolokoilamania in the emergency department.
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    Emergency Department overcrowding with admitted inpatients is a common international occurrence. We undertook a retrospective review to compare patient admission rates from patients presenting to our Emergency Department with the level of overcrowding with admitted inpatients on that particular day in the Emergency Department. Over the 2-year study period there was no change in the rate or absolute number of admissions per day compared with the level of inpatient overcrowding.
    Overcrowding
    Objective: To assess whether prolonged length of stay in the emergency department was associated with risk of death. Methods: We analysed data from 165,183 arrivals at St. Olav’s University Hospital’s emergency department from 2011 to 2018, using an instrumental variable method. As instruments for prolonged length of emergency department stay, we used indicators measured before arrival of the patient. These indicators were used to study the association between prolonged length of emergency department stay and risk of death, being discharged from the emergency department and length of hospitalisation for those who were hospitalised. Results: Mean length of stay in the emergency department was 2.9 hours, and 30-day risk of death was 3.4%. Per hour prolonged length of stay in the emergency department, the overall change in risk of death was close to zero, with a narrow 95% confidence interval of −0.5 to 0.7 percentage points. Prolonged emergency department stay was associated with a higher probability of being discharged from the emergency department without admission to the hospital. We found no substantial differences in length of hospitalisation for patients who were admitted. Conclusion: In this study, prolonged emergency department stay was not associated with increased risk of death.