BIOREMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF SOME LOCAL GRASSES OF KARACHI CITY
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The study was conducted to explore bioremediation potential of four commonly growing grass species e.g. Khabal (Cynodon dactylon) (Linnaeus) Persoon, Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides) (Linnaeus) Nash, Elephant (Pennisetum purpureum) Schumach. and jungle rice (Echinochloa colona) (Linnaeus) Link, common inhabitants of industrial disposal point, Sharafi Goth, Karachi, Pakistan. The highest fresh and dry weight recorded in Elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) i.e. 360g and 257g respectively. While the maximum shoot (147 cm) and root lengths (249 & 217 cm) were also revealed by the same species. The highest value of Lead (0.8 mg/kg) was observed in Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), while Elephant (Pennisetum purpureum) showed the maximum bioaccumulation of Zinc (2.41 mg/kg) was observed in contaminated soil. However, high uptake level of Copper (2.44 mg/kg) and Cadmium (0.31 mg/kg) was observed from the mixed soil of Khabal (Cynodon dactylon). Whereas, Jungle rice (Echinochloa colona) exhibited remarkably low remediation capability. Keywords: Phytoremediation, Local Grass Species (Khabal, Vetiver, Elephant and Jungle rice grass), Heavy metals, Bioaccumulation Factor.Keywords:
Pennisetum purpureum
Eleusine indica
Cynodon dactylon
Digitaria
Cynodon
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This study compared yield, nutrient compositions and forage quality of Napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) and pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.) to determine their preference utilization as forage crops. Four accessions each of Napier grass and pearl millet were grown in the field with three replications in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Data were collected and analyzed on vegetative growth and yield parameters at 10 weeks after planting. Also nutrient composition of the shoot was determined. Napier grass grew more vigorously with significantly higher number of leaf/plant, leaf length and width. Meanwhile, plant height were similar (91.02 -111.95 cm) among the accessions bur for pearl millet IP17862 which had the least (82.82 cm). Napier grass accessions had significantly higher stem girth than the pearl millet. Mean tiller/plant was less than one in pearl millet and between 18.21-31.55 in Napier grass. Total soluble sugar and carbohydrate of the millet accessions were comparable with COM-CO3 and COM-CO4 Napier grass. Pearl millet NGB00551 was the richest in calcium (3.79 mg/g), potassium (0.36 mg/g), iron (0.52 ppm) and Zinc (0.60 ppm), however, IP17862 and COM-CO4 contained highest phosphorous and magnesium respectively. Dry matter percentage (DM), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were higher in Napier grass than pearl millet accessions, but pearl millet accessions had more crude protein than the Napier grass. In overall, forage quality was higher in pearl millet accessions compared to Napier grass. Keywords: acid detergent fibre, dry matter yield, forage quality, neutral detergent fibre.
Pennisetum purpureum
Pennisetum
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บทคดยอ การศกษาผลผลต และประสทธภาพการบาบดนาเสยชมชนเทศบาลเมองเพชรบร โดยระบบหญากรอง นาเสย ใชหญาอาหารสตว 3 ชนด คอ หญาขน หญาอบลพาสพาลม และหญาคาลลา ขงนาเสย 2 ระดบ คอ ท ระดบความสง 15 เซนตเมตร และ 30 เซนตเมตร จากผวดน ผลการทดลอง พบวา หญาขนมผลผลตนาหนกแหง เฉลยสงกวาหญาคาลลา และหญาอบลพาสพาลม ตามระยะอายการเจรญเตบโตของพช ประสทธภาพการลดค า ภาระบโอด โดยเฉลยทขงนาระดบความสง 15 และ 30 เซนตเมตร พบวา หญาขน หญาอบลพาสพาลม และ หญาคาลลา มประสทธภาพลดคาภาระบโอด เฉลยคดเปนรอยละ 82.59, 78.41 และ 75.41 ตามลาดบ ทระดบ ความสง 30 เซนตเมตร มประสทธภาพลดคาภาระบโอดเฉลย คดเปนรอยละ 83.04, 82.29 และ 78.14 ตามลาดบ หญาขน มประสทธภาพลดคาภาระบโอดสงสด รองลงมาคอ หญาคาลลา และ หญาอบลพาสพาลม Abstract Study on yield and efficiency of Para grass, Ubon paspalum grass and Kallar grass by Grass Filtration system in Phetchaburi municipal wastewater treatment. Para grass, Kallar grass and Ubon paspalum There were 2 levels of the municipal wastewater 15 cm and 30 cm above the soil surfaces. In the total picture, Para produced the highest dry weight followed by Kallar and Ubon Paspalum grass respectively. At each stages of growth, the wastewater samples were collected for BOD5 analysis. The results showed that, at depths of 15 cm and 30 cm Para grass, Ubon Paspalum grass and Kallar grass gave removal efficiency for BOD5 82.59%, 78.41% and 75.41% respectively. At 30 cm the treatment efficiency was 83.04%, 82.29% and 78.14% respectively, Para grass showed the highest efficiency in BOD5 removal fallowed by Kallar grass and Ubon Paspalum grass.
Paspalum
Brachiaria
Dry weight
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An experiment to select suitable grass species for protection of the bunds of newly formed terraces in Jamuna ravines, was conducted at Research Station, Chhalesar (Agra) from 1960 to 1964. Of the eleven grass species studied, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. with statistically significant supreme root and shoot characteristics afforded excellent protection to the terrace bunds against water erosion. This was followed by Dichanthium annulatum (Forsk) Stapf., Panicum antidotale Retz., Panicum repens Linn., Cenehrus ciliaris Linn., Panicum maximum Jacq., Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf., Chrysopogon fulvus (Spreng) Chiov., Pennisetum purpureum Schum., Cynodon plectostanchyus (K.Schum) Pilger., and Brachiaria mutica (Forsk) Stapf., in order of merit. Pennisetum purpureum Schum., recorded highest yield per hectare as well as the highest preference in palatability test. The rat-damage as minimum to those bunds which were protected with Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Panicum
Brachiaria
Pennisetum purpureum
Cynodon dactylon
Cynodon
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The cultivation of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) for the experiment was conducted at FASA Agropark, Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan and the laboratory analyses were done in the FASA Taman Bendahara laboratory during October 2010 to March 2011. Growth, yield, dry matter and crude protein content of Napier grasses were evaluated under different level of manuring treatments. The treatments were 0 (as control), 150 and 300 kg N ha-lthat were supplied with sheep manure. The grass was not affected (p>0.05) by level of nitrogen. The overall yields were showed much lower and with 6299 kg per hectare and 3323 kg per hectare for first and second cultivation respectively. The number of tillers and crude protein content showed significant differences (p 0.05) in the growth of plant height and dimension of leaves among the different treatment groups for the two cultivations. However, there were strong positive correlations (r = 0.960) between leaves length and leaves breadth. These insignificant results could possible attributed to soil fertility, flood and planting distance.
Pennisetum purpureum
Hectare
Pennisetum
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Pennisetum purpureum
Herbaceous plant
Pennisetum
Leucaena
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Two separate field studies were conducted to evaluate the response of sweet potato to green manuring with elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and spear grass ( Imperata cylindrica). The yield and yield components of sweet potato increased consistently with increasing quantities of elephant grass before levelling up between 20, and 30 t/ha. This suggests the suitability of elephant grass as green manure in sweet potato production. Yield and yield components of sweet potato increased with green manure rates of spear grass up to 10 t/ha but progressively declined beyond this rate. This may be due to low N availability resulting from high C:N and consequent poor mineralization. Moreover phytotoxicity of spear grass at higher rates of application beyond 10 t/ha could be responssible for the low yield. Thus for higher yield, manure rates of spear grass above 10 t/ha can not be recommended. Further studies to separate phytotoxic effects of decomposing speargrass residues from poor minerilzation effects are needed.
Imperata
Pennisetum purpureum
Ipomoea
Spear
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Pennisetum purpureum
Soil nutrients
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A two-year contrast test was carried out with three kinds of pennisetum,which were King Grass Guimu-1,Pennisetum purpureum × P.typhoideum cv.Reyan No.4,and P.americanum × P.purpureum.The results showed that the average wet weight and hay yield of King Grass Guimu-1 was 375.62 t/hm2 and 70.17 t/hm2,respectively.The yield of King Grass Guimu-1 was very significantly(P0.01) higher than that of P.purpureum × P.typhoideum cv.Reyan No.4 and P.americanum × P.purpureum.Cutting survival rate and overwintering rate of biennial root of King Grass Guimu-1 was 96.67% and 100%,respectively.Both of them were extremely significantly(P0.01) higher than that of the other two varieties.King Grass Guimu-1 had the highest content of crude protein(CP),and P.americanum × P.purpureum had the minimum stem-leaf ratio.Integrated analysis implied that King Grass Guimu-1 could be popularized and planted in north of Fujian.
Pennisetum purpureum
Pennisetum
Overwintering
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The composition and nutritive value of different diets, namely the aquatic weeds— Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Presl., Lemna gibbs (L.) Pistia stratiotes (L.), grasses—Guinea grass Panicum maximum Jacq., Napier grass Pennisetum purpureum Schum. and plants—sweet potato leaves Ipomaea batatas L. and tapioca leaves Manihot utilissimus Pohl. were determined and compared. The diets contained 13.5 to 30.48% protein; 1.89 to 9.60% fat; 3.94 to 23.13% ash; 5.42 to 26.70% fibre and 24.87 to 46.27% carbohydrate. Most of the minerals determined in the aquatic weeds were higher than those in grasses and plants. The feeding of Hydrilla , Napier grass and tapioca leaves to grass carp Ctenopharyngodon ideltus (V.) showed a different growth rate and the results obtained indicated the superiority of Hydrilla diet over Napier grass and tapioca leaves.
Pistia
Hydrilla
Pennisetum purpureum
Stratiotes
Panicum
Grass carp
Eichhornia crassipes
Digitaria
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The potentials of tropical weeds namely, Nephrolepis biserrata, Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica, and Chromolaena odorata to accumulate lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) from soil within the premises of an automobile battery manufacturing company in Ota, south-western Nigeria, were explored. The weed samples were collected in both wet and dry seasons. Standard analytical methods were employed to collect, digest, and analyze the weeds. Lead levels in the weeds for both seasons ranged from 1990–4870, 1090–1730, 4800–7890, and 400–1210 µg g−1 dry weight (DW) for Nephrolepis biserata, Panicum maximum, Eleusine indica, and Chromolaena odorata, respectively, while the cadmium level in the weeds for both seasons ranged from 3.92–6.78 µg g−1 DW for N. biserata, 1.99–6.85 µg g−1 DW for P. maximum, 2.90–7.40 µg g−1 DW for E. indica, and 2.90–5.09 µg g−1 DW for C. odorata. There was no significant difference in the accumulation of both Pb and Cd for the two seasons. All the weeds showed Pb levels higher than the phytotoxic range. On the contrary, 99% of the weeds showed Cd concentration within the phytotoxic range. The weeds demonstrate good phytoremediation potentials of contaminated soil.
Chromolaena odorata
Panicum
Eleusine indica
Dry weight
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