Cobalt-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of 2-Aminophenols with Isonitriles: 2-Aminophenol Enabled O2 Activation by Cobalt(II)
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An aerobic cobalt-catalyzed oxidative cyclization of 2-aminophenols and isonitriles is reported. These additive-free conditions furnish a variety of substituted 2-aminobenzoxazoles in moderate to excellent yields. A series of control experiments and spectroscopic studies point to the importance of 2-aminophenol coordination in enabling the aerobic oxidation of cobalt(II).철결핍빈혈에서 cobalt 배설율검사의 진단적 가치를 검토할 목적으로 1974년 4월부터 1976년 4월까지 서울대학교 의과대학 부속병원 내과와 원자력병원에 입원하였던 철결핍성빈혈 22예, 재생불량성빈혈 3예, 용혈성빈혈 2예, 기타 각종질환 58예, 대조군 11예, 총계 96예를 대상으로 58CoCl2는 이용하여 cobalt 배설율검사를 시행하는 한편, 적혈구형태, 적혈구지수, 혈청철, 총철결합능, 골수철검사와 비교관찰하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 철대사와 혈액학적으로 정상이라고 생각되는 대조군의 6시간 cobalt 배설율은 평균 2.8±1.77%(1.0∼6.8%)이었으며, 24시간 cobalt 배설율은 평균 6.1±4.31%(1.9∼15.2%)였다. 2) 철결핍성빈혈의 경우에는 6시간 cobalt 배설율이 평균 18.3±5.88%(10.2∼25.0%)이었으며, 24시간 cobalt 배설율은 평균 41.8±6.83%(29.0∼54.5%)로서 대조군과 비교하여 6배이상 증가돼 있었다. 3) 골수철함량이 정상인 증례에서는 빈혈이 유무에 관계없이 6시간 및 24시간 cobalt 배설율은 모두 대조군과 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) 6시간 cobalt 배설율과 24시간 cobalt 배설율간에는 밀접한 상관관계를 볼 수 있었으나, 실제적인 면에 있어서는 24시간 cobalt 배설율검사가 더 정확한 것으로 생각되었다. 5) 골수철함량이 정상인 증례의 24시간 cobalt 배설율은 1.2∼26.6%의 동요범위를 보인 반면, 철결핍성빈혈예의 24시간 cobalt 배설율은 29.0∼54.5%의 동요범위를 보였으며 양군간에 중복을 볼 수 없었다. 그러므로 빈혈환자에서 24시간 cobalt 배설율이 27%이상이면 철결핍성빈혈을 의심할 수 있는 것으로 생각되었다. 6) Cobalt 배설율은 골수철함량이 감소함에 따라 대체로 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 상당한 중복을 볼 수 있었고, 특히 골수철함량이 1+인 경우는 철결핍이나 골수철함량이 정상인 경우와 중복되어 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 7) 골수철검사로 확인된 철결핍성빈혈의 경우, cobalt 배설율은 전예에서 증가된 반면, 적혈구형태는 40%에서, 적혈구지수는 30∼60%에서, transferrin 포화율은 70%에서 이상소견을 보였다. 이상의 성적을 종합하면 cobalt 배설율검사는 철결핍성빈혈을 진단하는데 간단하고 민감하며 정확한 검사법으로 골수철검사의 실제적인 대체검사로 이용될 수 있는 것으로 생각된다.
Cobalt extraction techniques
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Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Electrochemistry of Cobalt‐containing Species with Inorganic Ligands Half‐reactions Involving Aquated Cobalt( II ) and Cobalt( III ) Effect of Complexing Agents on Potentials for the Cobalt( II )–Cobalt(0) and Cobalt( III )–Cobalt( II ) Couples Potential of the Cobalt( II )–Cobalt(0) Couple in Molten Salts Existence of Cobalt( I ) in Aqueous Cyanide Solutions Electrochemical Determination of Cobalt Electrodeposition of Cobalt Electrochemistry of Organocobalt Species Direct Oxidations and Reductions Dicobalt and Metal‐cluster Complexes Modified Electrodes Schiff‐base Complexes Cobalt‐containing Porphyrins, Corroles, and Porphycenes Macrocyclic Tetraamines Catalytic Processes Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Catalytic Interactions of Cobalt‐containing Species with Alkyl and Aryl Halides Hydrazine
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The effects of different cobalt precursor compounds on the structural and catalytic properties of cobalt metal and Co 3 O 4 catalysts have been investigated. The techniques employed for characterizing the different solids were XRD, ESR and TEM methods, together with their effectiveness as catalysts in the decomposition of H 2 O 2 at 30–50 °C. The results obtained indicate that the investigated catalysts contained clusters or very small particles of cobalt metal or Co 3 O 4 phases. Cobalt metal and Co 3 O 4 catalysts based on cobalt chloride exhibited higher catalytic activities than other catalysts derived from cobalt nitrate and sulphate salts, respectively, due to their decreased particle sizes. The activation energies of the catalytic reaction over the as-prepared catalysts revealed that the different precursor compounds did not modify the energetic nature of the active sites involved in the catalyzed reaction but changed their concentrations.
Fischer–Tropsch process
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Nitroso-R-salt method has been investigated for the purpose of determining a minute quantity of cobalt in minerals. In some previous papers it was reported that the method is very satisfactory for determining cobalt in plants, soils and animal nutritions. In this study it has been proved thát the method is also fairly satisfactory for determining cobalt in minerals containing a large amount of iron. Cobalt content of some arsenopyrites has been determined by this colorimetric or the gravimetric method. The result shows that all the samples contain a minute or fairly large quantity of cobalt. However, the problem in what form cobalt is contained in these samples remains for the subsequent studies.
Cobalt extraction techniques
Gravimetric analysis
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SUMMARY Cobalt, as cobalt sulphate and cobalt-EDTA, was applied to pastures at 15 sites in south-east Scotland. Herbage cobalt and extractable soil cobalt concentrations were monitored at these sites over the period 1978–81. Although the sites were located in a generally cobalt-deficient area, considerable variation between sites was observed both in the concentration of cobalt present in untreated pasture and in the response to cobalt additions. There was no significant correlation between herbage cobalt concentrations and soil cobalt status as determined by acetic acid extraction. Application of cobalt sulphate (6 kg/ha) increased herbage cobalt concentrations at all sites but at several sites the response was short-lived. In general, cobalt-EDTA was less effective than cobalt sulphate in increasing herbage cobalt concentrations. Extractable soil cobalt concentrations of the control areas showed some variability between samplings, but the variability was much greater for the cobalt-treated plots. Cobalt applied to pastures was found to accumulate in the top 0–4 cm layer of soil and penetrated deeper only in soils of low pH. Overall, only a third of the cobalt applied to pastures as cobalt sulphate was recovered by acetic acid extraction of the soil and less than 20% of the cobalt applied as cobalt-EDTA.
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Білім берy қоғaмның экономикaлық дaмyының негізі, әлеyметтік тұрaқтылықтың фaкторлaрының бірі, хaлықтың рyхaни-aдaмгершілік әлеyетінің және интеллектyaлдық өсyінің қaйнaр көзі ретінде бaрлық yaқыттaрдa тaптырмaс құндылық болып есептеліп келеді. Aл қaзіргідей aдaм кaпитaлын қaлыптaстырy мен дaмытy мәселесін шешy негізгі міндет ретінде қaрaстырылaтын зaмaндa хaлықтың білімдік қaжеттіліктері өсіп, жоғaры, ортa aрнayлы, кәсіби қосымшa білім aлyғa үміткерлер сaны aртa түсyде. Бұғaн жayaп ретінде білім берy ұйымдaрының сaлaлaнyы aртып, әртүрлі типтегі оқy орындaрының сaны aртyдa, білім берyдің инфрaқұрылымы, бaсқaрy формaлaры, әдістемелік, ғылыми қызмет түрлері дaмyдa. Олaрды білім aлyшылaрдың жеке сұрaныстaры мен мүмкіндіктеріне бaғыттay күшейтілyде. Осығaн орaй білімнің сaпaсынa қойылaтын тaлaптaр aртып, бұл сaлaның әлеyметпен өзaрa әрекеттестігіне негізделген құрылымдық – қызметтік дaмyының көкейтестілігі aртyдa. Мaқaлaдa «серіктестік», «әлеyметтік серіктестік», «білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік» ұғым- дaрының мәні aшылып, олaрдың қaлыптaсy және дaмy үрдісіне шолy жaсaлaды, жоғaры оқy орындaрындa педaгогтaрды дaярлayдa әлеyметтік серіктестердің әлеyетін пaйдaлaнyдa бaсшылыққa aлынaтын ұстaнымдaр мен тиімді жолдaры сипaттaлaды. Түйін сөздер: серіктестік, әлеyметтік серіктестік, білімдегі әлеyметтік серіктестік, бірлескен әрекет ұстaнымдaры, әлеуметтік серіктестік әлеуеті. Обрaзовaние является основой экономического рaзвития обществa, одним из фaкторов социaль- ной стaбильности, источником дyховно-нрaвственного потенциaлa и интеллектyaльного ростa людей и во все временa считaлось незaменимой ценностью. И в нaстоящее время, когдa решение проблемы формировaния и рaзвития человеческого кaпитaлa рaссмaтривaется кaк основнaя зaдaчa, рaстyт обрaзовaтельные потребности людей, yвеличивaется количество желaющих полyчить высшее, среднее, специaльное, профессионaльное дополнительное обрaзовaние. В ответ нa это yсиливaется рaзветвленность обрaзовaтельных оргaнизaций, yвеличивaется количество обрaзовaтельных оргaни- зaций рaзличного типa, рaзвивaются инфрaстрyктyрa обрaзовaния, формы yпрaвления, методическaя и нayчнaя деятельность. Yсиливaется их ориентaция нa индивидyaльные потребности и возможности обyчaющихся. В связи с этим повышaются требовaния к кaчествy обрaзовaния, возрaстaет знaчение стрyктyрно-фyнкционaльного рaзвития этой сферы нa основе взaимодействия с обществом. В стaтье рaскрывaется знaчение понятий «пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство», «социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии», рaссмaтривaется процесс их стaновления и рaзвития, описывaются рyко- водящие принципы и эффективные способы использовaния потенциaлa социaльных пaртнеров в подготовке педaгогических кaдров в высших yчебных зaведениях. Ключевые словa: партнерство, социaльное пaртнерство, социaльное пaртнерство в обрaзовaнии, принципы совместного действия, поненциал социального партнерство. Education is the basis of the economic development of society, one of the factors of social stability, a source of spiritual and moral potential and intellectual growth of people and has always been considered an irreplaceable value. And at the present time, when the solution of the problem of the formation and development of human capital is considered as the main task, the educational needs of people are growing, the number of people wishing to receive higher, secondary, special, professional additional education is increasing. In response to this, the branching of educational organizations is increasing, the number of educational organizations of various types is increasing, the infrastructure of education, forms of management, methodological and scientific activities are developing. Their focus on the individual needs and capabilities of students is increasing. In this regard, the requirements for the quality of education are increasing, the importance of the structural and functional development of this sphere on the basis of interaction with society is increasing. The article reveals the meaning of the concepts of "partnership", "social partnership", "social partnership in education", examines the process of their formation and development, describes the guidelines and effective ways to use the potential of social partners in the training of teachers in higher educational institutions. Keywords: partnership, social partnership, social partnership in education, principles of joint action, the potential of social partnership.
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Cobalt extraction techniques
Cobalt oxide
Incipient wetness impregnation
Fischer–Tropsch process
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B. F. Hoskins, R. Robson and D. Vince, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1973, 392b DOI: 10.1039/C3973000392B
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