Plant Pathogenic Fungi Associated with Coraebus florentinus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Attacks in Declining Oak Forests
Claudia M.A. PinnaBenedetto Teodoro LinaldedduVitale DeianaLucia MaddauLucio MontecchioAndrea Lentini
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Abstract:
The black-banded oak borer, Coraebus florentinus, is an emerging pest of oak trees in the western Mediterranean region. Larvae of the insect are xylophagous and progressively excavate an annular gallery that interrupts sap flow, resulting in the death of the attacked branches. Until now, limited information has been available regarding the ecological interactions between C. florentinus and the main plant pathogenic fungi involved in the etiology of oak decline. Knowledge of these interactions is important in understanding their impact in natural ecosystems and developing appropriate management strategies. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the fungal communities occurring in the exoskeleton of adults and larvae of C. florentinus and associated with the necrotic wood tissues surrounding the branch galleries of declining oak trees. A total of 29 fungal species were identified based on DNA sequence data and morphological features, of which 14 were from symptomatic woody tissues, six from insect exoskeleton, and nine from both insects and symptomatic wood tissues. The most frequent fungal species, Cryphonectria naterciae (15.9% of isolates), Dothiorella iberica (11.3%), and Diplodia corticola (9.9%), were isolated from both insect and gallery systems. All three species are well-known oak pathogens and are reported here, for the first time, to be associated with C. florentinus. At the same time, 89.6% of the fungal taxa were isolated from one or two sites, highlighting the site-dependence of fungal community assemblages.Keywords:
Aquatic insect
Cryphonectria
Replacement names are proposed for 6 species of Buprestidae in the genera Chrysobothris Eschscholtz, Pachyschelus Solier, Hylaeogena Obenberger, Callimicra Deyrolle and Trachys Fabricius. In assembling a new world catalogue of the family Buprestidae, various inconsistencies of earlier authors have become apparent which require correction.
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species of jewel-beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) belonging to three subfamilies (Julodinae, Polycestinae and Chrysochroinae) were collected in Kurdistan Province of Iran during 2009-2011. Of these 7 species from 6 genera are new for Iranian fauna and 41 species from 9 genera are new for Kurdistan Province. Резюме. В 2009-2011 годах в провинции Курдистан (Западный Иран) были собраны 60 видов жуков-златок (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), относящихся к трем подсемействам (Julodinae, Polycestinae и Chrysochroinae). 7 видов из 6 родов оказались новыми для фауны Ирана и 41 вид из 9 родов впервые указываются для Курдистана.
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Abstract Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) was detected by specific RT‐PCR in two strains of Cryphonectria parasitica from Azerbaijan in which reduction of laccase activity was also observed. This is the first report of a hypovirus in the chestnut blight fungus in Azerbaijan. Our work opens the way to further investigations devoted to characterizing the Azerbaijan CHV1 strain.
Cryphonectria
Chestnut Blight
Mycovirus
Strain (injury)
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Invertebrate community dynamics and insect emergence in response to pool drying in a temporary river
Summary Previous studies of invertebrate responses to hydrological disconnection from the flow and drying have focussed on habitats with long hydroperiods (dry slowly after disconnection, i.e. months to years). We focus here on the effects of short hydroperiods (dry rapidly after disconnection, i.e. hours to days) on river invertebrate communities and insect emergence. We used natural scour pools in an alluvial river to measure changes in the invertebrate benthos and insect emergence during a 5‐month drought. The scour pools represented a gradient of hydroperiods (time from disconnection to complete water loss). We monitored water level and physicochemical conditions continuously. Benthic invertebrates on the bottom of each pool and aquatic insects that emerged from the surface of each pool as aerial adults were sampled at 1‐ to 7‐day intervals during connected, disconnected and dry periods. We used the data on water level to group the pools into quick‐drying and slow‐drying hydroperiod classes. Community structure changed as pools disconnected and dried. The densities of larval Diptera were higher in the connected period than in the disconnected period, while those of larval Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera pupae were higher in the disconnected period. Taxon richness was higher in quick‐drying than in slow‐drying pools. Shannon–Wiener diversity increased as water level decreased in slow‐drying pools, but there was no detectable effect of water level on diversity in quick‐drying pools. Total emergence of aquatic insects increased with decreasing water level in the scour pools. However, emergence rates (individuals per day) of Ephemeroptera and the numerically dominant genus Deleatidium decreased with declining water level. Some aquatic insects did not complete development in quick‐drying pools. Benthic invertebrates that persisted in pools until complete drying were dominated by taxa with desiccation‐resistance traits.
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Oligochaeta (plant)
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Data on the degree of knowledge on different groups of aquatic invertebrates on northern slopes of the Central Caucasus are given. It is shown that the best known groups are mayflies, stoneflies, odonates and caddisflies. Other groups have been studied to a much smaller degree. The estimated number of species in the study area is several hundreds. Secondary aquatic insect groups, such as those of the order Diptera, are the most speciose. Data on the degree of study of various groups of aquatic invertebrates on the northern slopes of the Central Caucasus are presented. It is shown that the most studied groups are mayflies, stoneflies, dragonflies and caddisflies. Other groups have been studied to a much lesser extent. The estimated number of species in the study area is several hundred. Minor groups of aquatic insects, such as the order Diptera, are more diverse.
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In this study it has been attempted to characterize some isolates of Cryphonectria parasitica both virulent and hypovirulent and to test the efficiency of the hypovirulent isolate as a biocontrol agent. After the identification of the two types of Cryphonectria parasitica isolates, they were grown in co-culture ant it was observed that the hypovirulent isolate grew faster than the virus-free isolates. The findings of this study are promising for the sustainability of Cryphonectria hypovirus as a biocontrol agent for chestnut blight.
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Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) is successful in controlling Cryphonectria parasitica, the causal agent of chestnut blight, but little is known regarding its transmission to other fungi, for example the European Cryphonectria radicalis. In this study, CHV1 was transmitted (circa 200,000–800,000 copies/microliter) to seven C. radicalis isolates from infected C. parasitica. Reverse transmission to virus-free C. parasitica (European 74 testers collection) was achieved, although it was less successful (250–55,000 copies/µL) and was dependent on the vegetative compatibility (VC) group. In C. radicalis, the virus infection led to colony colour change from pink to white and smaller colonies, dependent on the virus concentration. The virus was concentrated in the colony edges, and vertically transmitted to 77% of conidia. However, several in vitro experiments demonstrated that C. radicalis was always outcompeted by the blight fungus, only suppressing the pathogen between its 25–50% inoculum level. It presented good secondary capture only when acting as a pioneer. Two types of in planta assays (individual and challenge inoculations) were undertaken. Cryphonectria radicalis behaved as a saprotroph, while chestnut blight fungus behaved as an aggressive pathogen, and lesions after treatment with C. radicalis were no smaller in general, only when using cut branches. Overall, the results showed that infected C. radicalis was unable to control cankers.
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Chestnut Blight
Mycovirus
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Kheiliella Obenberger, 1940 (replacement for Kheilia Obenberger, 1926, preoccupied name) is validated as a subgenus of Ectinogonia Spinola, 1837, new status. Ectinogonia (Kheiliella) bellamyi Moore and Diéguez, new species, is described from Peru.
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