The Kuroshio
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Abstract:
The Kuroshio, the western boundary current of the North Pacific Ocean, transports large amounts of heat, salt, chemical materials, and organisms. This transport influences the climate and ecosystems of the region along the Kuroshio axis (Kuroshio region), and also the economy and culture of human society through the continuous supply of marine ecosystem services. Owing to the scientific and social importance of the Kuroshio, a large amount of effort has been put into physical, chemical, and biological oceanography and fisheries sciences in the Kuroshio region. In spite of the oligotrophy, various fish use the Kuroshio region as spawning and nursery grounds, and good fishing grounds are formed in the Kuroshio region. I named this inconsistency of high fisheries production in oligotrophic environment as the Kuroshio Paradox. To solve the paradox, an interdisciplinary approach encompassing physical oceanography to fisheries sciences is essential. In this book, recent scientific developments in the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the Kuroshio and those of the Gulf Stream, the western boundary current of the North Atlantic Ocean, are described and compared to understand the similarity and differences between them. In this introductory chapter, the history of the recognition of the Kuroshio and scientific research including interdisciplinary projects are reviewed, and recent developments in research focused on solving the Kuroshio Paradox are summarized. Better understanding of the Kuroshio is essential not only to solve the paradox but also to develop sustainable use of marine ecosystem services that our society is dependent on.Keywords:
Boundary current
Marine ecosystem
Biological oceanography
Fisheries science
Physical oceanography
Ocean observations
History and importance of ocean studies studying the oceans evolution of the ocean floor the evidence for plate tectonics water and seawater ocean sediments ocean-atmospheric interactions ocean circulation waves tides coasts foundations of life in the oceans coastal oceans and estuaries marine ecology ocean ecosystems ocean uses and pollution critical concept - toxicity.
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Ecosystem-Based Management
Marine ecosystem
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Ecosystem Approach
Ecosystem Management
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Tunas are highly valued food fishes, targeted by
neritic water fisheries and distant water fishing
nations. Global tuna production has been estimated
to be around 4.3 million tonnes (t) in 2005. The
contribution by the Indian Ocean tuna fisheries was
22% of the total tuna production of 1.2 million t.
The rapid expansion of the tuna fisheries in the
world oceans, especially the long line fisheries (both
ordinary and deep long lining), purse seine fisheries
(both log-associated and free school) drift gillnetting
(oceanic and neritic), longlining employing
converted trawlers, pole and line fishery and sport
fishery (angling) urgently necessitated a
compendium on the present status of tuna fisheries in the global scenario. It is in this context that the
book “Tuna-Fishery, Biology and Management” has
been prepared by N.G.K. Pillai and P. Satheesh
Kumar (222 pp) and published by CMFRI (2014).
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This work concerns on mid-ocean in the North Atlantic. Eddies in the ocean are frequently found as a result of an undulation of the ocean front. The author notes about a meddy formed by contact of the Gulf Stream water and the Mediterranean water in the area around the Azores. Then, the author notices about the ocean front formed by the two water masses with his hydrodynamic understanding of problems. The author introduces a problems on mid-ocean in the ocean. In the NW Paciflc, the formed after undulation of the ocean front in the ocean current extension of the Kuroshio as one of the western boundary intensifled ocean currents. In the North Atlantic, researches and surveys related to the eddy, named as \mid-ocean eddy were left to be continued beyond the year of 2000 for realizing the meddy in a scope of hydrodynamics. First, a review note is introduced for a primary understanding what is in the ocean. Then, an ocean front evolution is considered as a key to realize ocean formation. In this case, the ocean front formed between the two waters in the North Atlantic, i.e., the water in the Gulf Stream extension and the Mediterranean water in the Atlantic. Present status of the related research on meddy must be aimed to see whether the Gulf Stream crosses the Atlantic mid-ocean ridge and to flnd the interaction of the interested two waters in the ocean. Some remarks could be given for a more advanced research in the related flelds to the oceanography. 2. REVIEW NOTE Eddy in the ocean had been found around the Japanese Islands in the NW Paciflc in the early age of 1900s. Robinson (1) published his \Eddies in Maine Science to show local scale observed in the ocean and to notice \mid-ocean eddies in relation to biological processes. He introduced Armi's preliminary hydrographic data report including transient tracers, which was appeared in 1981. Research papers on Meddy had been reported to describe the physical pattern. In the year of 2008, the author had a chance to know a project for Ocean research with obser- vation promoting by the University of Azores (the leader Professor Anna Martine). The research group under the leader is working to see ocean pattern in the surface layer covering the process of thee meddys and of the ocean front, by using the survey ships and the satellite monitoring. Marchuk has evaluated highly in 2008 by EGU for his long-time life work on the overturn process of the ocean water ofi the south of Greenland.
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Eddy
Ocean observations
Ocean dynamics
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Two mass-balance trophic models are constructed to describe the Gulf of Thailand ecosystem (10–50 m depth): one model pertains to the initial phase of fisheries development, and the other to when the resources were severely depleted. The two phases are compared, and changes brought about by fishing discussed. A dynamic simulation model, Ecosim, is then used successfully to reproduce the 1980 state of the fishery based on the 1963 model and the development in catches. In addition the 1980 model is used to predict how the ecosystem groups may bounce back following marked reduction in fishing pressure. Finally, the 1963 model is used to study alternative scenarios for how the fisheries development could take place, notably the effect of exploiting only the resources of larger species. The study validates that the Ecosim model can be used to predict ecosystem level changes following changes in fishing pressure, therefore fishing induced changes can to a large extent explain the changes in ecosystem pools and fluxes observed over time.
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Abstract This research is expected to improve the sustainable tuna fisheries management of Fisheries Management Area Republic of Indonesia (FMARI) 572 by considering fish resources and fishermen welfare. The objectives of the research are examining the status of tuna fisheries in the FMARI 572, analyzing the bioeconomic model of tuna fisheries in the FMARI 572, and determining the strategy of a sustainable tuna fisheries management in the FMARI 572. This research was carried out for 3 months from February to May 2019 at the existing fishing ports located along the west coast of Sumatra (FMARI 572), such as Lampulo Fishing Port (Aceh), Sibolga Fishing Port (North Sumatra), Bungus Fishing Port (West Sumatra), and Nizam Zachman Fishing Port (Jakarta). Some factors analyzed were: The fishing capacity of fishing units with a variety of fishing gears, the potential of fish resources, the optimum level of efforts reaching the sustainable maximum catches, and the implementation of fisheries bioeconomic models . The results of this study showed the level of utilization tuna in FMARI 572 is still moderate, Tuna fisheries in FMARI 572 have not experienced biological and economical overfishing , and there were 3 sustainable tuna fisheries management strategies proposed.
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We engaged in cooperative research with fishers and stakeholders to characterize the fine-scale, spatio-temporal characteristics of spawning behavior in an aggregating marine fish (Cynoscion othonopterus: Sciaenidae) and coincident activities of its commercial fishery in the Upper Gulf of California. Approximately 1.5–1.8 million fish are harvested annually from spawning aggregations of C. othonopterus during 21–25 days of fishing and within an area of 1,149 km2 of a biosphere reserve. Spawning and fishing are synchronized on a semi-lunar cycle, with peaks in both occurring 5 to 2 days before the new and full moon and fishing intensity and catch are highest at the spawning grounds within a no-take reserve. Results of this study demonstrate the benefits of combining GPS data loggers, fisheries data, biological surveys and cooperative research with fishers to produce spatio-temporally explicit information relevant to the science and management of fish spawning aggregations and the spatial planning of marine reserves.
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Abstract Stock‐based and ecosystem‐based indicators are used to provide a new diagnosis of the fishing impact and environmental status of E uropean seas. In the seven European marine ecosystems covering the B altic and the N orth‐east A tlantic, (i) trends in landings since 1950 were examined; (ii) syntheses of the status and trends in fish stocks were consolidated at the ecosystem level; and (iii) trends in ecosystem indicators based on landings and surveys were analysed. We show that yields began to decrease everywhere (except in the B altic) from the mid‐1970s, as a result of the over‐exploitation of some major stocks. Fishermen adapted by increasing fishing effort and exploiting a wider part of the ecosystems. This was insufficient to compensate for the decrease in abundance of many stocks, and total landings have halved over the last 30 years. The highest fishing impact took place in the late 1990s, with a clear decrease in stock‐based and ecosystem indicators. In particular, trophic‐based indicators exhibited a continuous decreasing trend in almost all ecosystems. Over the past decade, a decrease in fishing pressure has been observed, the mean fishing mortality rate of assessed stocks being almost halved in all the considered ecosystems, but no clear recovery in the biomass and ecosystem indicators is yet apparent. In addition, the mean recruitment index was shown to decrease by around 50% in all ecosystems (except the B altic). We conclude that building this kind of diagnosis is a key step on the path to implementing an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
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Ecosim simulation exercise was carried out for predicting over 10 years the changes in fishery yields in the multispecies and multi-gear marine fisheries of the Arabian Sea off Karnataka. The present study elucidates that in all the gears (multiday and single day trawl; purse seine, drift gillnet, hook and line and artisanal) the key resources such as mackerel, sardines, seerfishes, tunas, sharks and skates and rays showed rapid decline in yields within 5 years due to a consistent increase in fishing effort (@ 17% per annum). The shrimp yields showed an increasing trend in trawls as they seem able to sustain the high fishing pressure as long as their predators are also harvested. In all gears excepting hook and line, there is no ecological and economic advantage in increasing the fishing effort. Also increasing the effort can result in rapid declines of many important marine resources. This will have a serious effect on the ecosystem functioning. Attempt has been made to model changes in the marine ecosystem due to fishing as part of the effort to move towards ecosystem based fisheries management. This is the pioneer effort for the same.
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Marine ecosystem
Discards
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