Effects of tillage on soil N availability, aggregate size, and microbial biomass in a subtropical karst region
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Field experiments were conducted during 2009-10 and 2010-11 at New Delhi to evaluate the effect of four se- quential combinations of conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) practices in conjunction with N levels (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on energy relations and use-efficiencies of irrigation water (IWUE) and N (NUE) in maize (Zea mays L.)wheat {Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol} cropping system. ZT practices saved on an average 20 and 15 % input energy requirements over CT practices in maize and wheat, respectively. The maximum input energy requirement in maizewheat cropping system was recorded under CTCT tillage se- quence, whereas the minimum was recorded with ZTZT sequential tillage system. The gross and net output en- ergy productions by the maize-wheat cropping system were not influenced significantly due to different sequential tillage practices, however these were recorded maximum under CTZT sequential tillage system. Significantly maximum energy-use efficiency in maizewheat cropping system was recorded with ZTZT sequence, which was 29.76, 19.44 and 11.49 % higher than the CTCT, CTZT and ZTCT sequential tillage practices, respectively during the year 2010-11. ZT sown wheat based tillage sequences (CTZT and ZTZT) resulted 46 % higher IWUE than CT sown wheat based tillage sequences (CTCT and ZTCT). The energy relations, IWUE and NUE parameters of both the crops differed significantly due to various N levels. The input and output energy and IWUE increased significantly with each successive increase in levels of N from 0 to 120 kg N/ha, while reverse trends were observed with energy-use efficiency and NUE, which were decreased significantly from 0 to 180 kg N/ha. Consequently ZT involving sequential tillage practices in conjunction with application of 120 kg N/ha may be adopted to enhance resource-use efficiency in maizewheat cropping system.
Conventional tillage
Cropping system
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Conventional tillage
Soil structure
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In case of dryland cultivation practices intelligently on need to minimize cost of production of any crop. Tillage is one of the major operations of the crop production and is an important contributor to the total cost of production. In this regards an experiment has been conducted on two tillage systemi.e. conventional and reduce tillage system in order to save the energy in production of wheat crop comprising three tillage treatments in combination to three doses of fertilizer application. The data revealed that the highest yield of wheat of 29.33q/ha was recorded in 50% conventional tillage + weedicide + interculture followed by conventional tillage + interculture with a grain yield of 27.87q/ha. With regard to nitrogen application through different sources, the highest average grain yield of 29.00q/ha was recorded with 100%N through inorganic fertilizer followed by 50% N through organic + 50% N through inorganic fertilizers with a grain yield of 28.25q/ha. As for as energy requirement and cost of operation were higher in the conventional tillage system (2907.53MJ and Rs.11347.33) than in reduce tillage i.e. 50% CT+ interculture+ weedicide (2227.20MJ and Rs.10335.30) and 50% CT+ interculture (2281.56 MJ and Rs.9948.60), respectively. The benefit cost ratio ranged from 1.08: 1 to 1.41: 1
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Strip-till
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Spring soil temperature and soil water content can be influenced by tillage system. If a tillage system and planting date interaction exists, planting on a single date, as is done in most tillage trials, could bias yield results. We tested for this interaction by comparing corn ( Zea mays L.) and soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields using strip tillage, no tillage, and disk‐chisel tillage systems with planting dates determined by soil temperature and water content conditions within each tillage system. A 3‐yr study (2002–2004) was conducted on a site near Newton, IA that had three soil types: Cumulic Hapludolls, Aquic Hapludolls, and Cumulic Haplaquolls. A split‐plot design was used with tillage as whole plots arranged in four randomized complete blocks. Crops in all tillage system treatments were planted on three dates that comprised the split‐plots. The criteria to determine the planting dates were soil temperature (>10°C for corn and >13°C for soybean for 12 consecutive hours) and soil water content (less than or equal to the lower plastic limit for any of the tillage treatments) at the 0.05‐m depth. A planting date occurred for each of the tillage systems as these criteria were met. For both crops, the earliest date having these soil conditions occurred simultaneously for disk‐chisel and strip tillage. The no‐tillage plots exhibited these conditions between 4 and 28 d and between 6 and 15 d later for corn and soybean, respectively, than for the other tillage treatments. Corn planted with disk‐chisel tillage yielded 0.8 Mg ha −1 more than the mean of the other two tillage treatments across years. Planting date affected corn yield only in 2003. For soybean, planting date affected yield. Soybean planted at the early planting date yielded 0.16 Mg ha −1 more than the mean of the other planting dates across years. There was no interaction of tillage × planting date for yield of either crop. This research indicates that recommendations derived from existing tillage research using a common planting date are valid.
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A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season (November-April) 2018-2019 at the research farm with the objective to evaluate the effect of deep tillage on the physical properties of growth and yield of wheat. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications during Rabi season 2018-2019. The treatment consisted of four levels of tillage practices T1 (12 cm depth of tillage) T2 (22 cm depth of tillage) T3 (32 cm depth of tillage) and T4 (42 cm depth of tillage). The results indicated that deep tillage has a significant effect on Tillage depth influences the soil water plant ecosystem, thereby affecting crop yield. Through the effect of deep tillage was not significant on the growth but the grain yield of wheat significantly increases from 35.00 q ha-1 in T1 (12 cm depth of tillage) to 43.89 q ha-1 in T4 (42 cm depth of tillage).
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ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Increased fuels costs have prompted many producers to consider conservation tillage techniques and single pass applications of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and herbicide to reduce fuel expenses. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of tillage and nitrogen application methodology on corn grain yield. The experiment was conducted from 2002–2005 at the Northwest Research Station of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) near Hoytville, OH. Six different tillage regimes were established as main plots: no-till, fall disc-field cultivator, Aerway tool tillage, early planted strip-till, late planted strip-till, and zone deep-till. Subplots consisted of either a single-pass application of broadcast, surface applied urea-ammonoium nitrate (UAN) representing a weed 'n' feed application, a split application of nitrogen between planter applied and sidedress N (subsurface injected N), or an unfertilized control. The rate of N for the different application methodologies was 168 kg ha−1. Dry conditions during the 2002 growing season resulted in very poor corn yield and thus little response to tillage or N application. In 2003, the split treatment maximized corn yield likely due to minimized ammonia volatilization independent of tillage regime. Surface broadcast applications of UAN resulted in lower grain yields in conservation tillage treatments compared to split nitrogen applications in 2004. No statistical differences were noted between the two application methods in the conventional tillage treatments. In 2005, no yield differences could be attributed to N application methodology across tillage treatments. From this study it was concluded that surface broadcast application of UAN can result in yield loss, especially in conservation tillage systems. Keywords: nitrogentillagevolatilizationcorn ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the Conservation Tillage & Technology Conference for partly funding this research. Their financial support is greatly appreciated.
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The potential of conservation tillage systems to improve corn yields while reducing production costs and conserving soil and water resources were tested through on-farm trials in three sites, namely: San Jose, Mindoro Occidental, Clabanga, Camarines Sur and Mahaplag, Leyte [Philippines]. A total of 11 farmer-partners cooperated in the conduct of the trial. Treatments include conventional tillage, minimum tillage, zero tillage and farmers' tillage practices, which is tested either as a single factor or infactorial with variety or fertilizer. Results in Mindoro and Leyte reveal that variation in grain yield is mainly due to tillage practices. Moreover, conservation tillage practices i.e. zero and minimum tillage, resulted to the highest grain yield of about 5.29 t/ha and 3.95 t/ha for both Mindoro and Leyte, respectively. In the case of Camarines Sur, yield was not significantly affected by any of the treatments combination applied ( tillage x variety). Zero tillage obtained the highest grain yield (2.88 t/ha) followed closely by minimum tillage with 2.79 t/ha). From these trials, it is evident that conservation tillage management generally resulted to higher grain yield compared with the farmer's tillage practice. Conservation tillage practice is thus a viable option for corn production. Benefits obtained in adopting conservation tillage will be further realized in terms of economic returns, where highest net benefit obtained due to lower production costs. In addition, when the soil surface is left undisturbed, soil moisture is conserved at a time when dry periods are a problem
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Soil erosion is a major threat to the r esource soil. The objective of this 8 yrstudy was to compar e different tillage systems with r espect to runoff, soil loss, nutrient, and pesticide transport. Three different tillage systems were compared: 1) conventional tillage (CT), 2) conser vation tillage with cover crop (CS), and 3) no-till with cover crop (NT). No significant differ ences in total runoff during growing season wer e measured between the thr ee tillage practices. Overall average annual soil loss ranged from 0.82 to 3.13 tons acr e -1 , with the highest amount for conventionally tilled plots and the lowest for no-till plots. Nutrient losses fr om April to October were 8.4 lbs acr e -1 yr -1 for CT, 5.4 lbs acr e -1 yr -1 for CS, and 2.7 lbs acr e -1 yr -1 for NT. Corresponding values for phosphorus wer e 4.1, 1.9, and 1.0 lbs acr e -1 yr -1 . Conservation tillage and no-till management were able to r educe pesticide losses between 23 and 99 %.
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The study was carried out at the field of Regional Pulses Research Station, Madaripur under Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) during Rabi season (winter) to evaluate the effect of different tillage practices on growth, yield attributes, nutrient uptake and yield of chickpea, and to compare between the zero tillage and tillage practice.The experiment was planned with five different tillage practices viz. Zero tillage (T1), Single tillage (T2), Two tillage (T3), Three tillage (T4) and Four tillage (T5), and it was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Blanket dose of fertilizers of N, P, K, S, Zn and B at 20, 21, 30, 10, 3 and 1.5 kg ha-1, respectively were used in all tillage treatments. The highest mean seed yield achieved (1395 kg ha-1) in zero tillage (T1) followed by four tillage (T5) practice. The maximum number of branches plant-1 and more number of pods plant-1 was recorded in zero tillage treatment. Nutrient content showed non-significant effect across most of the treatment. The highest nodulation and nutrient (N, P, K and S) uptake was also obtained from T1 treatment. Tillage practices exhibited positive effects on soil properties. The highest soil organic carbon, total N, available P, K, S, Ca, Mg, Zn and B were found in zero tillage (T1). Based on profitability, the zero tillage was economically viable with compared to tillage practice. Although this practice (T1) saves the money about 3.8% to 13.7% and time also saves minimum 8 days for succeeding crops. So, the present study suggests that zero tillage practice could be implemented in the high and medium high land for chickpea cultivation. Low income farmers may practice the zero tillage technology. Future research should be carried out to evaluate the suitable rate of nutrient in zero tillage (conservative tillage) practice for yield maximization of chickpea and sustaining soil fertility.
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