Effect of Soybean Isoflavones on Growth Performance, Immune Function, and Viral Protein 5 mRNA Expression in Broiler Chickens Challenged with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus
Mahmoud M. AzzamShouqun JiangJia-li CHENXiajing LinZhongyong GouQiuli FanYibing WangLong LiZongyong Jiang
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A total of 200 one-day-old male broilers were assigned to five groups, and each group consisted of four replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Chicks were fed the basal diet with 0 (non-infected control), 0 (infected control), 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg soybean isoflavones (SI) for 42 days. At 21 days of age, chickens were inoculated with an infectious bursal dose (causing 50% morbidity) of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) BC 6/85 strain by the eye-drop and nasal route (except for the non-infected group). Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) decreased (p < 0.05) in broilers infected with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) from 22 to 42 days. However, infected broilers fed 10 and 20 mg SI/kg had the maximum (p <0.05) ADG and ADFI from 1 to 42 days. Body weight (BW) increased (p < 0.05) in infected broilers fed the 10 and 20 mg SI /kg diet. The bursa weight at 7 days post-infection (dpi) was increased (p < 0.05) by the supplemental 10 mg SI/kg diet. Infected broilers showed the highest (p < 0.05) bursa lesions, with an average score of 4.0 ± 0.0, while the severity of bursa lesions was decreased (p < 0.05) at 3 dpi and 7 dpi by the supplemental 20 mg SI/kg diet. Supplemental SI at 20 mg/kg decreased (p < 0.05) the viral protein 5 (VP5) mRNA expression at 3 dpi and 7 dpi. The level of interferon gamma (IFNγ) was elevated (p < 0.05) in the infected group at 3 dpi and 7 dpi as compared with the control group, while its level was decreased (p < 0.05) by supplemental 10 mg/kg SI at 3 dpi. The level of nuclear factor κB in the bursal tissue showed the lowest value (p < 0.05) with supplemental 10 and 20 mg SI/kg diet at 7 dpi. Supplemental 10, 20, 40 mg/kg SI improved (p < 0.05) the serum total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) in infected broilers at 3 dpi. In addition, the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased (p < 0.05) in the group fed 20 mg/kg SI at 7 dpi. In conclusion, supplemental 10~20 mg/kg SI may have a positive effect on broiler chickens infected with IBDV, probably because SI decrease the severity of bursa lesions and viral protein 5 mRNA expression, and have strong antioxidant activity.Keywords:
Infectious bursal disease
The cDNA fragment of protective antigen VP2 gene of infectious bursal disease virus JS strain was amplified by RT-PCR,subcloned into pGEM-T easy vector and then into pcDNA3.1/zeo(+)vector,designated as pcDVP2.By sequencing,the VP2 gene has high homology to that of very virulent IBDV strains.The transiently expression of VP2 in COS-1 cells was detected with the Mab specific to IBDV by the immunflurescent assay.After injection with pcDVP2 DNA to SPF chicken,the results showed that the specific anti-IBDV antibody could be detected in 14 days,67 % of the chickens were protected after challenge with IBDV JS strain.
Infectious bursal disease
Homology
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Five commercial broiler flocks, not vaccinated for infectious bursal disease virus, derived from infectious bursal disease virus-vaccinated breeder flocks were surveyed for evidence of bursal damage and infectious bursal disease virus infection. They were compared with two groups of birds raised in isolation. Serum samples from one day old chicks contained maternal anti-infectious bursal disease virus antibodies which declined to undetectable levels by four weeks of age. Serum antibody levels remained undetectable in both control groups and one commercial flock, whereas four of the five commercial flocks had actively produced anti-infectious bursal disease virus antibodies by slaughter age. The weight of bursae from infectious bursal disease virus-positive flocks declined as compared to controls after four weeks of age. The decline in weight correlated with the appearance of histopathological lesions. Infectious bursal disease virus antigen was demonstrated in selected infected bursae and infectious bursal disease bursae and infectious bursal disease virus was isolated from some of these damaged bursae. Clinical infectious bursal disease was not observed in any of the commercial flocks. The importance of subclinical bursal damage and immunosuppression is discussed.
Infectious bursal disease
Flock
Subclinical infection
Immunosuppression
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Infectious bursal disease
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Specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens were exposed to the IM and VA isolates of virulent infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Both viruses induced rapidly progressing lymphoid cell depletion in the bursa. The bursal lesions persisted through the observation period of 16 days. The virus-exposed birds also had histologic lesions in the thymus. Thymic lesions peaked at 3-4 days postinoculation (PI) and then subsided. Immunofluorescence (IF) and antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected abundant viral antigen in the bursa, but not in the thymus, of chickens during the first week after infection with IM-IBDV or VA-IBDV. This result indicated that the presence of histologic lesions in the thymus was not associated with active infection and replication of the virus in thymic cells. Inoculation of homogenates of bursal and thymic tissues from virus-exposed chickens into embryonated chicken eggs revealed the presence of infectious virus from both tissues. We speculated that the virus recovered from thymus may have been contributed by virus-infected cells that were circulating through the thymus at the time when this tissue was homogenized.
Infectious bursal disease
Embryonated
Bursa of Fabricius
Specific-pathogen-free
Immunofluorescence
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Abstract Pahar, B. and Rai, A. 1997. Immunogenicity of infectious bursal disease strains isolated in India. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 12: 137–144. Out of the three isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), only IBDV S394 gave 100% protection in birds without any immunosuppressive effect and mortality in day old chicks, while IBDV S494 and IBDVS194 gave 88% and 76% protection, respectively. Thus IBDV S394 may serve as prophylactic agent against infectious bursal disease in poultry.
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Infectious bursal disease is one of the most important naturally occurring viral diseases of chickens worldwide. The causative agent, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), belongs to the family Birnaviridae. This virus causes an acute, highly contagious and immunosuppressive disease in chickens. The virus infects and destroys actively dividing IgM-bearing B cells. Although B cells are the principal targets for IBDV, recent data show that the virus also infects macrophages. IBDV-infected macrophages produce various cytokines and chemokines which may play an important role in the protection and/or pathogenesis of IBDV. In this review, the modulatory effects of IBDV on macrophages will be discussed.
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Pathogenesis
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In response to the emergency of variant and very virulent infectious bursal disease virus(IBDV)strains and to solve the problem of time-consuming in screening of the conventional live vaccines,a recombinant virus rGtHLJVP2was generated based on the epidemiological investigation with its VP2gene cloned from a prevalent very virulent IBDV(vvIBDV)strain HLJ0504.To adapt this virus to CEF cells,two mutations of Q253Hand A284Twere introduced in its VP2gene.It was then used to replace the corresponding region of the attenuated IBDV vaccine strain Gt.The constructed virus rGtHLJVP2had comparable replication ability to its parental virus Gt in vitro and in vivo.The animal experiments showed that rGtHLJVP2had no pathogenicity in chickens with bursa index above 0.7and no significant bursal atrophy.The recombinant virus induced a good immune response with the antibody titer significantly higher than that induced by the parental virus Gt,and it provided full protection against vvIBDV challenge.In addition,the recombinant virus rGtHLJVP2had good genetic stability.This study provides the solid foundation for the development of IBD vaccines and is significant for the prevention of IBDV infection.
Infectious bursal disease
Attenuated vaccine
Recombinant virus
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Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is an acute contagious disease of young chickens with high morbidity and low mortality causing heavy losses to poultry industry worldwide. The disease is caused by IBD virus (IBDV), an Avibirnavirus which infects immature bursal B-cells of young chicken. However, the target molecule of B cells for binding of IBDV is not known. This review attempts to discuss the various possibilities and the current research in this direction.
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The application of the indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in chicken serum was investigated. The test procedure involved the coating of concentrated infectious bursal disease virus antigen onto polystyrene tubes, followed by the addition of chicken anti-infectious bursal disease virus serum and horseradish peroxidase labeled rabbit anti-chicken globulin. As an indicator substrate, 5-aminosalicylic acid, with the oxidant H2O2 was added. The reaction was stopped by 3M NaOH and the colour intensity of the reaction mixtures read in a spectrophotometer at 449 nm. The ELISA test was found to be a precise, sensitive and reproducible means of measuring infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in chicken and turkey sera.
Infectious bursal disease
Horseradish peroxidase
Newcastle Disease
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The present study was conducted to detect the infectious bursal disease virus by using one-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from IBD-affected broiler flocks in Haryana, India. Of the 85 pooled bursal samples, 83 (97.64%) bursal samples were found positive for IBDV by one step RT-PCR using VP2 gene specific primers.
Infectious bursal disease
Flock
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