Subchronic exposure to arsenite and fluoride from gestation to puberty induces oxidative stress and disrupts ultrastructure in the kidneys of rat offspring
Xiaolin TianJing FengNisha DongYi LyuCailing WeiBen LiYanqin MaJiaxin XieYulan QiuGuohua SongXuefeng RenXiaoyan Yan
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Keywords:
Malondialdehyde
Nephrotoxicity
Reproductive toxicity
Developmental toxicity
Developmental toxicity
Reproductive toxicity
No-observed-adverse-effect level
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Reproductive toxicity
Developmental toxicity
Anogenital distance
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Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are a series of environmental contaminants that have received attention because of their possible adverse effects on wildlife and human health. Although many toxicological studies have been performed on perfluorooctanoic acid with carbon chain length C8, available toxicity data on PFCAs with longer chains are still insufficient to evaluate their hazard. A combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening study for perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoA; C12) was conducted in accordance with OECD guideline 422 to fill these toxicity data gaps. PFDoA was administered by gavage to male and female rats at 0.1, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg/day. The administration of PFDoA at 0.5 and 2.5 mg/kg/day for 42-47 days mainly affected the liver, in which hypertrophy, necrosis, and inflammatory cholestasis were noted. Body weight gain was markedly inhibited in the 2.5 mg/kg/day group, and a decrease in hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and atrophic changes in the spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland were also observed. Regarding reproductive/developmental toxicity, various histopathological changes, including decreased spermatid and spermatozoa counts, were observed in the male reproductive organs, while continuous diestrous was observed in the females of the 2.5 mg/kg/day group. Seven of twelve females receiving 2.5 mg/kg/day died during late pregnancy while four other females in this group did not deliver live pups. No reproductive or developmental parameters changed at 0.1 or 0.5 mg/kg/day. Based on these results, the NOAELs of PFDoA were concluded to be 0.1 mg/kg/day for repeated dose toxicity and 0.5 mg/kg/day for reproductive/developmental toxicity.
Developmental toxicity
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Perfluorooctanoic acid
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Developmental toxicity
Reproductive toxicity
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Litter
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Developmental toxicity
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No-observed-adverse-effect level
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Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been found as a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with reproductive and developmental toxicity. The characteristics of reproductive and developmental toxicity of DBP, the mechanisms of the toxicity and effects on human health were reviewed in this paper according to the toxic effects on pregnant animals exposed to DBP, which might provide reference for the further study on toxicity of DBP and preventive measures.
Dibutyl phthalate
Developmental toxicity
Reproductive toxicity
Environmental toxicology
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Developmental toxicity
Reproductive toxicity
Guideline
Adverse Outcome Pathway
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Risk assessment of acrylonitrile (AN) toxicity to humans has focused on potential carcinogenicity and acute toxicity. Epidemiological studies from China reported reproductive and developmental effects in AN workers, including infertility, birth defects, and spontaneous abortions. A weight-of-the-evidence (WoE) evaluation of the AN database assessed study strength, characterized toxicity, and identified no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs). The epidemiological studies do not demonstrate causality and are not sufficiently robust to be used for risk assessment. Rodent developmental studies showed fetotoxicity and malformations at maternally toxic levels; there was no unique developmental susceptibility. NOAELs for oral and inhalation exposures were 10 mg/kg/day and 12 ppm (6 h/day), respectively. Drinking-water and inhalation reproductive toxicity studies showed no clear effects on reproductive performance or fertility. Maternally toxic concentrations caused decreased pup growth. The drinking-water reproductive NOAEL was 100 ppm (moderate confidence due to study limitations). The inhalation exposure reproductive and neonatal toxicity high confidence NOAEL was 45 ppm (first generation 90 ppm) (6 h/day). The inhalation reproductive toxicity study provides the most robust data for risk assessment. Based on the WoE evaluation, AN is not expected to be a developmental or reproductive toxicant in the absence of significant maternal toxicity.
Reproductive toxicity
Developmental toxicity
Inhalation exposure
Toxicant
No-observed-adverse-effect level
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Acrylamide(AA) is primarily generated in starchy food which heated up to 120 ℃. Researches showed that AA had reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity and genetic toxicity to the body. Especially, the reproductive and developmental toxicity of AA attracted a great of attentions gradually. In the research of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity of AA, any indexes reflected reproductive system damage could be used as biomarkers of AA reproductive toxicity. As the same, any indexes reflected developmental system damage could also be used as biomarkers of AA developmental toxicity. As more and more biomarkers have been determined, they will play an important role in the risk assessment. Therefore, the evaluation of biomarker has very important significance in comprehensive research of AA reproductive and developmental toxicity. This paper reviewed the biomarker of reproductive and developmental toxicity of AA, and described them from various perspectives.
Reproductive toxicity
Developmental toxicity
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Developmental toxicity
Reproductive toxicity
Tetrachloroethylene
Inhalation exposure
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