The (Mis)Uses of Race in Research on College Students: A Systematic Review
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Race has been one of the most controversial subjects studied by scholars across a wide range of disciplines as they debate whether races actually exist and whether race matters in determining life, social, and educational outcomes. Missing from the literature are investigations into various ways race gets applied in research, especially in higher education and student affairs. This review explores how scholars use race in their framing, operationalizing, and interpreting of research on college students. Through a systematic content analysis of three higher education journals over five years, this review elucidates scholars’ varied racial applications as well as potential implicit and explicit messages about race being sent by those applications and inconsistencies within articles. By better understanding how race is used in higher education and student affairs research, scholars can be more purposeful in their applications to reduce problematic messages about the essentialist nature of race and deficit framing of certain racial groups.Keywords:
Framing (construction)
Essentialism
This article proposes an operationalization of topic modeling as a data mining method for studying framing in public debates. We argue that 'topics' can be interpreted as frames, if 1) frames are operationalized as connections between concepts, 2) subject-specific data is selected, and 3) topics are adequately validated as frames, for which we suggest a practical procedure. As an empirical example, we study the global climate change debate in the media, by comparing frames used by NGO's, governments and experts in India and the USA. Our model identifies 12 framings of climate change, used in varied proportions by the different actors in the two countries. Topic modeling frames enables the usage of larger datasets and facilitates discovery of previously unnoticed framing patterns. It does not replace qualitative interpretation, but rather complements it by enabling a degree of automated classification before the interpretive stage.
Framing (construction)
Frame analysis
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Zero (linguistics)
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Value (mathematics)
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Value (mathematics)
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A main goal of the neuroscience of consciousness is: find the neural correlate to conscious experiences (NCC). When have we achieved this goal? The answer depends on our operationalization of "NCC." Chalmers (2000) shaped the widely accepted operationalization according to which an NCC is a neural system with a state which is minimally sufficient (but not necessary) for an experience. A deeper look at this operationalization reveals why it might be unsatisfactory: (i) it is not an operationalization of a correlate for occurring experiences, but of the capacity to experience; (ii) it is unhelpful for certain cases which are used to motivate a search for neural correlates of consciousness; (iii) it does not mirror the usage of "NCC" by scientists who seek for unique correlates; (iv) it hardly allows for a form of comparative testing of hypotheses, namely experimenta crucis. Because of these problems (i-iv), we ought to amend or improve on Chalmers's operationalization. Here, I present an alternative which avoids these problems. This "NCC2.0" also retains some benefits of Chalmers's operationalization, namely being compatible with contributions from extended, embedded, enacted, or embodied accounts (4E-accounts) and allowing for the possibility of non-biological or artificial experiencers.
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The following chapter presents the operationalization of the research model. First, basic aspects of the operationalization are described, and then the operationalization of the design variables of early warning behavior follows with its two steps, scanning and interpretation. The third paragraph explains the operationalization of the contingency variables. These are environmental uncertainty and managerial attitudes. Finally, the operationalization of success measures used in this work is presented.
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Contingency
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Table (database)
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Empirical Research
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The essentialism /anti-essentialism dispute is a continual problem in the Western philosophy.The revised essentialism is more convincing than the anti-essentialism.Some literature researchers propose literature anti-essentialism by accepting the anti-essentialism.However,they have not considered the differences between essentialism and theory of essence.They have overlooked the failure of anti-essentialism in the west esthetics,and have misread the essentialism of some important western literature researchers.Therefore,there might emerge some new essentialism in literature research.
Essentialism
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