Mill, material, and process parameters – A mechanistic model for the set-up of wet-stirred media milling processes
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High-speed rail grinding is a unique passive grinding maintenance strategy that differs from conventional grinding techniques. Its grinding behavior is dependent on the relative motion between the grinding wheel and rail; hence, it possesses great speed and efficiency. In this study, the effects of the duration of grinding time and the increase in the number of grinding passes on the grinding of high-speed rails were investigated using passive grinding tests with a single grinding time of 10 s and 30 s and grinding passes of once, twice, and three times, respectively. The results show that when the total grinding time was the same, the rail removal, grinding ratio of grinding wheels, rail grinding effect, grinding force, and grinding temperature were better in three passes of 10 s grinding than in one pass of 30 s grinding, indicating that the short-time and multi-pass grinding scheme is not only conducive to improving the grinding efficiency and grinding quality in the high-speed rail grinding but can also extend the service life of the grinding wheels. Moreover, when the single grinding times were 10 s and 30 s, respectively, the grinding removal, grinding efficiency, grinding marks depth, and surface roughness of rail increased with the number of grinding passes, implying that the desired rail grinding objective can be achieved by extending the grinding time via the multi-pass grinding strategy. The results and theoretical analysis of this study will contribute to re-conceptualizing the practical operation of high-speed rail grinding and provide references for the development of the grinding process and grinding technology.
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Based on the grinding target profile of the rail and the grinding capacity of a single grinding stone, a numerical calculation method for rail grinding patterns that includes grinding angle and grinding power of each grinding stone of the GMC96 rail grinding train was designed and established. By means of this numerical method, the grinding pattern of each grinding pass was optimized and the rail head profile after grinding was calculated. Furthermore, a method for the evaluation of the grinding quality is provided. The results indicate that in multipass rail grinding, a sequence of grinding passes – where the greatest grinding effort is applied on the earlier passes, with the last pass applying reducing levels of grinding effort – produces the highest conformance to the target grinding profile. For example, when rail grinding is planned for two passes, applying 60% of the total grinding effort on the first pass and 40% on the second pass decreases the final grinding error by 7.3%.
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It is perhaps an understatement to say that trying to understand F. A. Hayek’s assessment of John Stuart Mill is a complicated matter. Hayek referred to Mill frequently. Sometimes, and particularly in The Constitution of Liberty (1960), he praised him. What may surprise those who associate both Mill and Hayek with the classical liberal tradition is that more often, and this in writings that both preceded and followed publication of The Constitution of Liberty, Hayek criticized Mill. Moreover, the criticisms were not all of a piece, but focused on different aspects of Mill’s work. Part of the problem is that Mill, like Hayek, made so many different contributions: among those mentioned by Hayek were his System of Logic ([1843] 1973), the Principles of Political Economy ([1848] 1965), and of course On Liberty ([1859] 1977). In addition, Mill’s own views evolved, sometimes rather dramatically, over time. Which Mill—the doctrinaire utilitarian, the romantic, the one impressed by Auguste Comte or the one who disavowed him, the Mill of the early or of the later editions of The Principles, the pre– or post–Harriet Taylor Mill—is the one whose ideas Hayek is examining? Furthermore, it was not just Mill’s own thought, but
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John Stuart Mill's On Liberty is commonly viewed as the classic defense of individual liberty, and Mill himself as the grandfather of modern liberalism. In John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control Joseph Hamburger seeks to dislodge this orthodox interpretation [End Page 308] of Mill. As the title of the work suggests, Hamburger, who died shortly before this work came to press, seeks to convince the reader that a proper understanding of Mill's account of individual liberty needs to be nuanced by an appreciation of those substantial controls that Mill was willing to place upon individuals.
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Rail grinding is a traditional part of maintenance employed to mitigate rail damage such as shelling and corrugation. In order to improve the efficiency of grinding operations in the field, new grinding stones were developed and evaluated in this study. The improvement in grinding capacity of the developed grinding stone compared with the current grinding stone was confirmed, as was its improved grinding performance due to its more moderate impact on rails from a metallographic point of view despite the improved grinding performance. Based on these results, it is expected that the developed grinding stone has the potential to be introduced to field grinding operations.
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In the grinding activity,the consumption of grinding medium is great,which takes a half of grinding cost.To raise grinding efficiency and reduce directly or indirectly the grinding cost,the relation between grinding medium and grinding efficiency are analyzed and the optimum conditions for grinding are found out.
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CBN grinding wheels have wide application in high efficiency and high precision grinding because of their excellent properties. The appropriate dressing and grinding parameters are investigated using diamond dressing wheel for the resin bonded CBN grinding wheel in the inner grinding of bearing rings. CBN grinding wheels display the obvious advantages in the grinding of bearing. Influences of dressing parameters are analyzed by the comparison of morphology of grinding wheels before and after dressing. The appropriate grinding parameters are obtained through the grinding experiment. The research results are of great significance for the wide application of CBN grinding wheels on the grinding of bearing.
Diamond grinding
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The impacts of different linear speed of grinding wheel, grinding depth and workpiece feed speed with or without grinding fluid on grinding force were studied by plane grinding machining of zirconia ceramics. The impacts of different machining environment and grinding parameter on normal and tangential grinding forceswere studied by testing the grinding force during grinding with a force measuring device. The studies showed that the normal and tangential grinding forces decrease with the increase of the linear speed of grinding wheel and increase with the improvement of grinding depth and workpiece feed speed. The grinding depth has the greatest impacts on the normal and tangential grinding forces in dry grinding environment; while in wet grinding environment, the grinding depth exerts the greatest impacts on the normal grinding force and the linear speed of grinding wheel imposes the greatest impacts on the tangential grinding force. In addition, it was found that the normal grinding force in dry grinding is minor than that in wet grinding, that the tangential grinding force in dry grinding is greater than that in wet grinding, and that the grinding force ratio in dry grinding is lower than that in wet grinding.
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The parameters m and k in grinding kinetics equation were studied by using analytic geometry and partial derivativ method.The analyses include not only the relationship between the parameters and the grinding time,but also the effect on the grinding speed.It turned out that the parameter k mainly affects oversized cumulative productivity R when te1/k.The larger parameter k is,the faster grinding speed is.With the increase of the grinding time the parameter m mainly affects oversized cumulative productivity R when te1/k.The larger parameter m is,the faster grinding speed is.Moreover,the conclusion was verified according to previous studies.The above theoretical results can fully explain the grinding speed under the different grinding conditions and material properties.
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The study is carried out based on an experiment of form grinding spur rack with white fused alumina (WA) grinding wheels. In the experiment, SOV-3020A type tri-axial image mapper is utilized to measure the profile of the tooth space in the rack, and the curve equations between the sectional area of the tooth space and the tooth sequence under different grinding depths are established by nonlinear curve regress using software of origin8.0. Then, it deduces the prediction equations for current grinding ratio and cumulative grinding ratio under different grinding depths. The result shows that the grinding ratio is exponential decline relationship with the increase of the number of the tooth to be ground under the same grinding depth, and the decline speed is fast in the initial stage. With the increase of grinding depth, the grinding ratio increases gradually. The cumulative grinding ratio is about twice as high as the current grinding ratio. Thus, large grinding depth is generally used in rough grinding to improve grinding efficiency.
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