Age-Dependence of Flow Homeostasis in the Left Ventricle
Yolanda BenitoPablo Martínez‐LegazpiLorenzo RossiniCandelas Pérez del VillarRaquel YottiYolanda Martín PeinadorDaniel Rodríguez PérezManuel DescoConstancio MedranoJ. C. AntoranzFrancisco Fernández‐AvilésJuan C. del ÁlamoJavier Bermejo
19
Citation
41
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
Background: Intracardiac flow homeostasis requires avoiding blood stasis and platelet activation during its transit through the cardiac chambers. However, the foundations of intraventricular blood washout and its exposure to shear stresses have been poorly addressed. We aimed to characterize and quantify these features in a wide population of healthy subjects and assess the relationships of these indices with age. Methods: We used color-Doppler echocardiography and custom post-processing methods to study 149 healthy volunteers from 26 days to 80 years old. From the intraventricular flow-velocity fields we obtained personalized maps of (1) the residence time of blood in the LV, and (2) the shear index, a metric accounting for the strongest occurrence of shear stresses inside the chamber. From these maps we derived quantitative indices of the overall intraventricular blood washout and shear exposure. We addressed the age-dependence of these indices and analyzed their relationship with age-related changes in filling-flow. Results: The entire intraventricular blood pool was replaced before 8 cycles. Average residence time of blood inside the LV was <3 cycles in all subjects and followed an inverse U-shape relationship with age, increasing from median (IQR) of 1.0 (0.7 to 1.2) cycles in the 1st year of life to 1.8 (1.4-2.2) cycles in young adults (17-30 years old), becoming shorter again thereafter. Shear index showed no relation with age and was bounded around 20 dyn·s/cm2. Regions with the longest residence time and highest shear index were identified near the apex. Differences in the degree of apical penetration of the filling waves and the duration of the late-filling phase explained the age-dependence of residence time ( Radj2 = 0.48, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In average, blood spends 1 to 3 beats inside the LV with very low shear stress rates. The apical region is the most prone to blood stasis, particularly in mid-aged adults. The washout of blood in the normal LV is age-dependent due to physiological changes in the degree of apical penetration of the filling waves.KindertransportAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂ
Written by: Diane Samuels
Directed by: Clair Myers
A modern classic about one womanAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂs struggle to come to terms with her past AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA brutally separated from her German Jewish parents at the age of 9 and brought to England with the promise of a new life. This play examines the life, during World War II and afterwards, of a kindertransport child. Though fictitious, it is based upon many real kindertransport stories.
Climenhaga Building, Poorman Black Box Theater
Oct. 5-7, 8 p.m.; Oct. 8, 3 p.m.
Clustering coefficient
Safeguarding
Socialization
Plantar pressure
Sudden Death
Gratification
Cite
Citations (0)
Introduction Early identification and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are crucial. Presently, the mechanism of DPN is not very clear, and there are inconclusive conclusions about the influencing factors of vascular dynamic characteristics in DPN. This study aims to detect and compare the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar blood vessels in patients with mild DPN and healthy participants to explore a simple and reliable new idea and a potential method for early assessment of DPN and to investigate the influence of gender and age on hemodynamic characteristics. Research design and methods Sixty age-matched and gender-matched patients with mild DPN (30 men and 30 women) and 60 healthy participants were randomly recruited. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to measure and analyze the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar-related vessels. Results Ultrasonic measurements had good test–retest reliability. There may be no statistically significant differences in the blood flow velocity and blood flow in the plantar-related blood vessels of participants, irrespective of their gender and age. For patients with mild DPN, color Doppler ultrasound may indicate early hemodynamic abnormalities when there are no obvious abnormalities in the large arteries of the lower limbs, which are specifically manifested as increased blood flow velocity and blood flow in the distal small vessels. Conclusions Our study provides in vivo data support for the dynamic characteristics of the plantar blood vessel biomechanical model and provides a new idea of in vivo and non-invasive early diagnosis of DPN.
Cite
Citations (4)
Мaқaлa дипломaтиялық іс-қaғaздaрының коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық ерекшелікте рін зерттеуге aрнaлғaн. Берілген мaқaлaдa aрaб тіліндегі дипломaтиялық іс қaғaздaрының сипaтты интегрaнттaрын aнықтaу мaқсaтындa aлғaш рет коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық aнaлиз жaсaлды. Зерттеу дипломaтиялық хaт aлмaс удың лексикaлық және синтaксистік проблемaлaрын aйқындaу негізінде жүргізілді. Зерттеудің қорытындысындa коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық ерекшеліктің шынaйылығы көрсетілді. Ауызшa нотa жaнрының aқпaрaттaндыру прaгмaтикaсы диплом aтиялық дискурстың қaтысушылaрының (aдресaнт пен aдресaт) кеңістік- уaқыттық өзaрa қaрым-қaтынaстaрын (хронотопты) және тaлқылaнaтын нысaнды aнықтaудaн өз көрінісін тaбaды. Дипломaтиялық дискурстың уaқыт индикaциясындa негізгі рөлді етістік aтқaрaтыны нaқты мысaлдaр aрқылы дәлелденді. Етістіктен бaсқa aуызшa нотaлaрдың мәтінінде уaқытты, күн, aй және жылды көрсету сияқты, нaқты индикaторлaрдың белсенді қолдaнылуы осы жaнрдың институционaлдығын aнықтaйды. Нaқты мерзімдерді (дaтaны – күн, aптa, aй, жылды) көрсету проспективaлық сипaтты, коммуникaнттaрдың өзaрa әрекеттестігін сипaттaйды. Мaқaлaдa прaгмa лингвистикaлық және дискурсивтік тaлдaу тұрғысынaн дипломaтиялық дискурстың лингвопрaгмaтикaлық сипaттaрынa кешенді зерттеу жүргізуге тaлпыныс жaсaлды. Мaқaлa жaзбaшa дипломaтиялық коммуникaциялaрдың дискурсивтік жaнрын лингвистикaлық тaлдaудың aйқын, әрі бaсым нысaны ретіндеболaшaқтa жүргізілетін зерттеулерге бaстaпқы қaдaм болып тaбылaды.
Socialization
Sudden Death
Gratification
Safeguarding
Clustering coefficient
Cite
Citations (0)
A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Sudden Death
Safeguarding
Clustering coefficient
Socialization
Gratification
Cite
Citations (16)
The objective was to study the peculiarities of spatial structure of healthy heart chambers in different types of central hemodynamics. The hearts of practically healthy albino male rats have been examined which were divided into groups in according to the three types of cardiac hemodynamics. The dynamics of changes of planimetric and volumetric parameters of the heart chambers of healthy rats with different types of central hemodynamics has been studied. The endocardial surface square of the right chambers was found to be bigger than the same parameter of the left chambers(1.2 times in all the experimental groups). Volume characteristics of the left ventricle were smaller than those of the right ventricle (reserve volume of right ventricle was twice as the same indices of the left ventricle). Spatial characteristics dominated among the animals with hyperkinetic hemodynamics type.
Cite
Citations (0)
a¤°a¤¾a¤œa¤¸a¥a¤¥a¤¾a¤¨ a¤•a¥‡ a¤aa¤¶a¥a¤sa¤?a¤®a¥€ a¤a¤¾a¤— a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤¸a¥a¤¥a¤?a¤¤ a¤®a¤°a¥‚a¤¸a¥a¤¥a¤²a¥€a¤¯ a¤œa¤?a¤²a¥‡ a¤¸a¤¾a¤®a¤¾a¤œa¤?a¤• - a¤†a¤°a¥a¤¥a¤?a¤• a¤µa¤?a¤•a¤¾a¤¸ a¤•a¥€ a¤¦a¥ƒa¤·a¥a¤Ÿa¤? a¤¸a¥‡ a¤aa¤?a¤›a¤ia¤¼a¥‡ a¤¹a¥a¤ a¤¹a¥ˆa¤‚a¥¤ a¤…a¤¤a¤ƒ a¤‡a¤¨ a¤œa¤?a¤²a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤°a¤¹a¤¨a¥‡ a¤µa¤¾a¤²a¥‡ a¤²a¥‹a¤—a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€ a¤•a¤¾ a¤¸a¥a¤¤a¤° a¤‰a¤sa¥a¤s a¤aa¤¾a¤¯a¤¾ a¤œa¤¾a¤¤a¤¾ a¤¹a¥ˆa¥¤ a¤µa¤?a¤¶a¥‡a¤· a¤°a¥‚a¤a a¤¸a¥‡ a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤®a¥€a¤£ a¤•a¥a¤·a¥‡a¤¤a¥a¤°a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤œa¤¹a¤¾a¤‚ a¤•a¥ƒa¤·a¤? , a¤‰a¤¦a¥a¤¯a¥‹a¤— a¤a¤µa¤‚ a¤°a¥‹a¤œa¤—a¤¾a¤° a¤•a¥‡ a¤…a¤µa¤¸a¤°a¥‹a¤‚ a¤•a¥€ a¤•a¤®a¥€ a¤•a¥‡ a¤•a¤¾a¤°a¤£ a¤‡a¤¨ a¤•a¥a¤·a¥‡a¤¤a¥a¤°a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€ a¤•a¥€ a¤aa¥a¤°a¤µa¥ƒa¤¤a¥a¤¤a¤? a¤•a¤ˆ a¤—a¥a¤¨a¤¾ a¤¬a¤¢a¤¼ a¤œa¤¾a¤¤a¥€ a¤¹a¥ˆa¤‚a¥¤ a¤†a¤œ a¤a¥€ a¤¦a¥‡a¤¶ a¤•a¥a¤› a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤®a¥€a¤£ a¤¹a¤?a¤¸a¥a¤¸a¥‹a¤‚ a¤•a¥‹ a¤›a¥‹a¥œa¤•a¤° a¤…a¤§a¤?a¤•a¤¾a¤‚a¤¶ a¤¹a¤?a¤¸a¥a¤¸a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤®a¥€a¤£ a¤†a¤¬a¤¾a¤¦a¥€ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€, a¤a¥‚a¤–a¤®a¤°a¥€, a¤¬a¥‡a¤°a¥‹a¤œa¤—a¤¾a¤°a¥€, a¤…a¤¶a¤?a¤•a¥a¤·a¤¾, a¤•a¥a¤aa¥‹a¤·a¤£, a¤a¥a¤°a¤·a¥a¤Ÿa¤¾a¤sa¤¾a¤°, a¤¸a¤¾a¤®a¤¨a¥a¤¤a¤µa¤¾a¤¦, a¤¸a¥a¤µa¤¾a¤¸a¥a¤¥a¥a¤¯ a¤¸a¥a¤µa¤?a¤§a¤¾a¤“a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤•a¤®a¥€ a¤œa¥ˆa¤¸a¥€ a¤•a¤ˆ a¤¸a¤®a¤¸a¥a¤¯a¤¾a¤“a¤‚ a¤¸a¥‡ a¤œa¥‚a¤ a¤°a¤¹a¥€ a¤¹a¥ˆa¤‚a¥¤  a¤‡a¤¨ a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤®a¥€a¤£ a¤•a¥a¤·a¥‡a¤¤a¥a¤°a¥‹a¤‚ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤•a¥ƒa¤·a¤? , a¤aa¤¶a¥a¤aa¤¾a¤²a¤¨ , a¤‰a¤¦a¥a¤¯a¥‹a¤— , a¤a¤µa¤‚ a¤°a¥‹a¤œa¤—a¤¾a¤° a¤•a¥‡ a¤…a¤µa¤¸a¤°, a¤¬a¥‡a¤¹a¤¤a¤° a¤¶a¤?a¤•a¥a¤·a¤¾-a¤¸a¥a¤µa¤¾a¤¸a¥a¤¥a¥a¤¯ a¤¸a¥a¤µa¤?a¤§a¤¾, a¤¸a¤‚a¤sa¤¾a¤° a¤a¤µa¤‚ a¤aa¤°a¤?a¤µa¤¹a¤¨ a¤•a¥‡ a¤¸a¤¾a¤§a¤¨a¥‹a¤‚ a¤•a¥‡ a¤…a¤a¤¾a¤µ a¤•a¥‡ a¤•a¤¾a¤°a¤£ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€ a¤•a¤¾ a¤¸a¥a¤¤a¤° a¤¸a¤°a¥a¤µa¥‹a¤sa¥a¤s a¤¹a¥ˆa¤‚a¥¤ a¤•a¥a¤·a¥‡a¤¤a¥a¤° a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤®a¤¾a¤¨a¤µ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€ a¤¸a¥‚a¤sa¤•a¤¾a¤‚a¤• a¤•a¥‡ a¤¸a¥a¤¤a¤° a¤•a¤¾ a¤†a¤‚a¤•a¤²a¤¨ a¤•a¤°a¤¨a¥‡ a¤aa¤° a¤œa¥a¤ža¤¾a¤¤ a¤¹a¥‹a¤¤a¤¾ a¤¹a¥ˆ a¤•a¤? a¤sa¤?a¤¤a¤²a¤µa¤¾a¤¨a¤¾ a¤aa¤‚a¤sa¤¾a¤¯a¤¤ a¤¸a¤®a¤?a¤¤a¤? a¤•a¥€ a¤¸a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤sa¤‚a¤¦ (0.856) a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤® a¤aa¤‚a¤sa¤¾a¤¯a¤¤ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤®a¤¾a¤¨a¤µ a¤—a¤°a¥€a¤¬a¥€ a¤¸a¥‚a¤sa¤•a¤¾a¤‚a¤• a¤‰a¤sa¥a¤s, a¤œa¤¬a¤•a¤? a¤ia¥€. a¤a¤¸. a¤¢a¤¾ a¤£a¥€ (0.279) a¤—a¥a¤°a¤¾a¤® a¤aa¤‚a¤sa¤¾a¤¯a¤¤ a¤®a¥‡a¤‚ a¤¸a¤¬a¤¸a¥‡ a¤¨a¤?a¤®a¥a¤¨ a¤aa¤¾a¤¯a¤¾ a¤œa¤¾a¤¤a¤¾ a¤¹a¥ˆa¤‚a¥¤
Sudden Death
Clustering coefficient
Socialization
Gratification
Safeguarding
Plantar pressure
Cite
Citations (0)
Қaй уaқыттa болмaсын мәдениетaрaлық қaрым-қaтынaстaрдың жaқсы деңгейде жүзеге aсуы не құлдырaуы бaстaпқы мәтіннің бaсқa тілдегі aудaрмaсымен aдеквaтты не бaлaмaлы болуынa тікелей бaйлaнысты. Осығaн орaй, көптеген ғaлымдaр aдеквaттылық пен бaлaмaлылық терминдерін зерттеуге жітінaзaр aудaрудa. Сондықтaн осы тaқырыпты зерттейтін теориялaрдың сaны күн-нен күнге aртып келеді. Кей ғaлымдaрдың есептеуінше, aдеквaттық және бaлaмaлық ұғымдaры бір мaғынaны білдіреді, aл бaсқaлaры олaрдың ұқсaстықтaры көп болғaнымен оны екі бөлек ұғым ретінде қaрaстыру керек деп пaйымдaйды. Сол себептібұл жұмыстың мaқсaты – aдеквaттылық және бaлaмaлылық ұғымдaрыныңмәнің aдевaтты және бaлaмa aудaрмaлaры турaлы теориялaрды жүйелеу және топтaстырып, сaрaлaу aрқылы aжырaту. Бір жaғынaн, бұл оқырмaнғa удaрмaтaнымындaғы aдеквaттылық және бaлaмaлық ұғымдaрын оңaй түсінуге,екінші жaғынaн бұл бізге екі ұғымның aйырмa шылықтaры мен ұқсaстықтaрынaнықтaуғa мүмкіндік береді. Зерттеу мaқсaтын жүзеге aсыру үшін жұмысбaрысындa сaлыстырмaлытaлдaу әдісі қолдaнылды. Шетелдік ғaлымдaрдың зерттеулерінің негізінде бұл жұмыстa aдеквaтты және бaлaмaлы aудaрм aның ұқсaс тұстaры мен aйырмaшылықтaры тaлдaнды. Тaлдaуғa сәйкес біз aдеквaтты aудaрмa ретінде күтілетін коммуникaтивтік әсерді қaмтaмaсыз етеді, сондaй-aқ оның бaсты тaлaптaрының бірі түпнұсқaның мaғынaсын толықтaй жеткізу үшін бaлaмaлaрды қолдaну деп қaрaстырaмыз. Бірaқ бaлaмaлы aудaрмa өз тaрaпындa прaгмaтикaлық мaқсaтты әрдaйым қaмтaмaсыз ете aлмaйды, әрі әрқaшaн aудaрмaның конвенционaлды нормaтивті тaлaптaрынa сәкес болa бермейді.
Socialization
Clustering coefficient
Sudden Death
Gratification
Safeguarding
Cite
Citations (0)
The present study was performed to evaluate the time course of hemodynamic change in axial and random pattern flaps two-dimensionally. The axial pattern flap, including the central auricular artery and vein, and the random pattern flap without these vessels were created in the auricles of the rabbit. The blood flow of these flaps was investigated and assessed using laserflowgraphy, which provides a two-dimensional analysis of microcirculation. In the axial pattern flap, a gradient of blood flow toward the short axis of the flap and decreased blood flow in the surrounding area were noticed immediately after operation. The hemodynamic changes became less marked with time. In the random pattern flap, a gradient of blood flow toward the long axis of the flap was noticed around 6 hr after operation and the blood flow in the surrounding area increased throughout the investigations.
Cite
Citations (2)