Connectome analysis of functional and structural hemispheric brain networks in major depressive disorder
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Abstract Neuroimaging studies have shown topological disruptions of both functional and structural whole-brain networks in major depressive disorder (MDD). This study examined common and specific alterations between these two types of networks and whether the alterations were differentially involved in the two hemispheres. Multimodal MRI data were collected from 35 MDD patients and 35 healthy controls, whose functional and structural hemispheric networks were constructed, characterized, and compared. We found that functional brain networks were profoundly altered at multiple levels, while structural brain networks were largely intact in patients with MDD. Specifically, the functional alterations included decreases in intra-hemispheric (left and right) and inter-hemispheric (heterotopic) functional connectivity; decreases in local, global and normalized global efficiency for both hemispheric networks; increases in normalized local efficiency for the left hemispheric networks; and decreases in intra-hemispheric integration and inter-hemispheric communication in the dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus and hippocampus. Regarding hemispheric asymmetry, largely similar patterns were observed between the functional and structural networks: the right hemisphere was over-connected and more efficient than the left hemisphere globally; the occipital and partial regions exhibited leftward asymmetry, and the frontal and temporal sites showed rightward lateralization with regard to regional connectivity profiles locally. Finally, the functional–structural coupling of intra-hemispheric connections was significantly decreased and correlated with the disease severity in the patients. Overall, this study demonstrates modality- and hemisphere-dependent and invariant network alterations in MDD, which are helpful for understanding elaborate and characteristic patterns of integrative dysfunction in this disease.Keywords:
Brain asymmetry
This database contains the connectivity matrices of the resting-state functional MRI scans that were collected in two databases of the Human Connectome Project, Young Adult and Aging. These matrices contain the functional connectivity between brain regions (here, several different brain atlases were used, leading to several different connectivity matrices for each subject). The connectivity matrices are symmetrical n x n matrices. Here, n indicates the number of regions present in the atlas, and any number ni,j in the matrix is generated by calculating a simple Pearson correlation coefficient between the functional time series that describe the functional activation of regions i and j throughout the resting-state functional scan. The matrices presented in this database are present as .pconn.nii files (which can be handled using software like wb_command) or as .txt file. A full explanation of the database and the brain atlases used here, as well as all the scripts used to generate these connectivity matrices can be found on the GitHub page of this project: floristijhuis/HCP-rfMRI-repository (github.com).
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Brain lateralization is a universal phenomenon, and now more and more studies have proved brain lateralization can influence the immune function greatly. Through ablation experiment in different cerebral regions of animals and clinical investigation, it is suggested that two hemispheres could induce opposite effects on immune response. In addition, it has been confirmed that there is notable association between behavioral lateralization and immune reactivity in animals or humans. Recent studies also indicate that brain asymmetry are involved in the production of cytokines as well. On the whole, the knowledge that brain lateralization modulates the immune system asymmetrically enriches the theory of neuro-endo-immune network, and opened up greater vistas for clinical researches.
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Cerebral Lateralization and Some Implications for Art, Aesthetic Perception, and Artistic Creativity
The functional left-right asymmetry of the human brain (Table 1) appears to be determined, at least in part, by genetic factors. Hemispheric laterality found in some birds and subhuman primates1,2, statistics on structural asymmetry of cerebral hemispheres in human neonates3, the well-documented clinical studies on functional asymmetries as revealed by localized brain lesions4–8, and the findings on congenital left-handedness correlated with speech dominance of the right hemisphere provide the main evidence supporting this premise (see chapter 9). The following considerations ensue from these ideas. Before we discuss the possible effects of left-right brain asymmetry on aesthetic performance in the second part of this paper, we shall present some thoughts on potential environmental factors in the development of left-right asymmetry in the human brain, which are believed to modify the genetically controlled postnatal brain development.9
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Left and right
Cerebral hemisphere
Right hemisphere
Dominance (genetics)
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DATA REPORT article Front. Neurosci., 24 June 2022Sec. Neurodegeneration https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.804125
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Most of the current knowledge about age-related differences in brain neurofunctional organisation stems from neuroimaging studies using either a “resting state” paradigm, or cognitive tasks for which performance decreases with age. However, it remains to be known if comparable age-related differences are found when participants engage in cognitive activities for which performance is maintained with age, such as vocabulary knowledge tasks. A functional connectivity analysis was performed on 286 adults ranging from 18 to 80 years old, based on resting state or vocabulary tasks. Increases in connectivity of regions of the language network were observed during task completion. Conversely, only age-related decreases were observed during resting-state. While vocabulary accuracy increased with age, no interaction was found between functional connectivity, age and task accuracy or proxies of cognitive reserve, suggesting that older individuals typically benefits from semantic knowledge accumulated throughout one's life trajectory, without the need for compensatory mechanisms.
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This database contains the connectivity matrices of the resting-state functional MRI scans that were collected in two databases of the Human Connectome Project, Young Adult and Aging. These matrices contain the functional connectivity between brain regions (here, several different brain atlases were used, leading to several different connectivity matrices for each subject). The connectivity matrices are symmetrical n x n matrices. Here, n indicates the number of regions present in the atlas, and any number ni,j in the matrix is generated by calculating a simple Pearson correlation coefficient between the functional time series that describe the functional activation of regions i and j throughout the resting-state functional scan. The matrices presented in this database are present as .pconn.nii files (which can be handled using software like wb_command) or as .txt file. A full explanation of the database and the brain atlases used here, as well as all the scripts used to generate these connectivity matrices can be found on the GitHub page of this project: floristijhuis/HCP-rfMRI-repository (github.com).
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In most people, language is processed predominantly by the left hemisphere of the brain, but we do not know how or why. A popular view is that developmental language disorders result from a poorly lateralized brain, but until recently, evidence has been weak and indirect. Modern neuroimaging methods have made it possible to study normal and abnormal development of lateralized function in the developing brain and have confirmed links with language and literacy impairments. However, there is little evidence that weak cerebral lateralization has common genetic origins with language and literacy impairments. Our understanding of the association between atypical language lateralization and developmental disorders may benefit if we reconceptualize the nature of cerebral asymmetry to recognize its multidimensionality and consider variation in lateralization over developmental time. Contrary to popular belief, cerebral lateralization may not be a highly heritable, stable characteristic of individuals; rather, weak lateralization may be a consequence of impaired language learning.
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