Waist circumference percentiles of black South African children aged 10 - 14 years from different study sites
Boitumelo S. MotswagolePO UkegbuHerculina S. KrugerTandi E. MatshaElizabeth Kimani‐MurageKotsedi Daniel MonyekiCornelius M. SmutsMartha E. van StuijvenbergShane A. NorrisMieke Faber
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Abstract:
Background. Waist circumference (WC) is a useful predictor of cardiometabolic risk in children. Published data on WC percentiles of children from African countries are limited. Objectives. To describe age- and sex-specific WC percentiles in black South African (SA) children from different study sites, and compare these percentiles with median WC percentiles of African-American (AA) children. Methods. Secondary data on WC for 10 - 14-year-old black SA children ( N =4 954; 2 406 boys and 2 548 girls) were extracted from the data sets of six studies. Smoothed WC percentile curves for boys and girls were constructed using the LMS method. The 50th percentile for age- and sex-specific WC measurements was compared across study sites and with AA counterparts. Results. Girls had higher WC values than boys from the 50th to 95th percentiles at all ages. The 50th WC percentiles of all groups of SA children combined were lower than those of AA children. When SA groups were considered separately, Western Cape children had median WC values similar to AA children, while rural Limpopo children had the lowest WC values. The 95th percentiles for Western Cape girls exceeded the adult cutoff point for metabolic syndrome (WC ≥80 cm) from age 11 years. Conclusions. The differences in WC values for 10 - 14-year-old children across the six study sites highlight the need for nationally representative data to develop age-, sex- and ethnic-specific WC percentiles for black SA children. The results raise concerns about high WC among Western Cape girls.Keywords:
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Objective: To construct waist percentiles for 6–11-year-old Turkish children in Elazig Province, Eastern Anatolia.
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Waist circumference (WC) may be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease risk than body mass index (BMI). We provide the most current WC percentile estimates for the U.S. Mexican-American (MA), non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic white (NHW) pediatric populations.Percentile regression analyses were used to estimate the 10(th), 25(th), 50(th), 75(th), and 90(th) percentiles of the distribution of WC for boys (n=8,351) and girls (n=8,054) for ages 2-18 by ethnicity using the combined 1999-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.MA boys were over 2.5 times as likely versus NHB [odds ratio (OR)=2.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73-2.52] and almost twice as likely versus NHW (OR=1.86, 95% CI 1.73-2.52) to have a WC above the 90(th) percentile. NHB (89.1 cm) and MA (88.8 cm) girls ages 11 and older and NHW girls (88.7 cm) ages 12 and older who had a WC at or above the 90(th) percentile meet adult WC criteria for the metabolic syndrome (88 cm). MA boys (105.1 cm) ages 14 and older, and NHB (105.1 cm) and NHW boys (105.0 cm) ages 16 and older that had a WC at or above the 90(th) percentile meet adult WC criteria for the metabolic syndrome (102 cm).WC is a simple, inexpensive measure that can identify children at risk for cardiometabolic disease. A large proportion of U.S. adolescents with elevated WC, and prepubescent girls in particular, currently meet adult cutoff criteria for WC as a component of the metabolic syndrome.
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Objective: To study and establish the percentile reference values of waist circumference (WC) for Chinese children aged 3-7 years. Methods: A total of 26 480 children aged 3-7 years were collected as part of the National Survey on Physical Growth and Development of Children in nine cities (Beijing, Harbin, Xi'an, Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming) in China from June to November 2015. Sex- and age-specific smoothed percentile reference values of WC were established using the Lambda Mu Sigma method. The P(75) and P(90) curves of WC for children aged 3-7 years in this study were linked with the published P(75) and P(90) cut-off points for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years. The P(50) percentile of WC in this study was compared with the corresponding percentiles of several foreign studies. Results: The P(5), P(10), P(15), P(20), P(25), P(50), P(75), P(80), P(85), P(90) and P(95) reference values of WC were obtained for boys and girls aged 3-7 years biannually, at the interval of every six months. Results showed that WC at the P(50) had significantly increased from 47.5 cm at the age of 3 to 54.2 cm at the age of 7 for boys and from 47.0 cm at the age of 3 to 52.2 cm for girls at the age of 7. The corresponding WC percentile values appeared a bit higher in boys than those in girls at the same age, with the differences from 0.4 to 3.6 cm. The differences between measured and fitted WC at each empirical percentile ranged from -0.3 to 0.5 cm for both boys and girls aged 3-7 years. The P(75) and P(90) values of WC for boys and girls aged 3-7 years in this study presented a consistent, continuous tendency on age with the published WC cut-off points (P(75) and P(90)) for Chinese children and adolescent aged 7-18. The increasing trend of WC by age in Chinese children aged 3-7 years was consistent with those of foreign studies, at the middle level for boys and lower middle level for girls. Conclusions: Through this study, we established the WC percentile values for Chinese children aged 3-7 years and achieved the continuity in age with the published WC cut-off points for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18. These established WC percentile values can be used as reference for clinical practice, health care and scientific research.目的： 研究和制定中国3~7岁儿童的腰围百分位数参照值。 方法： 腰围数据来自2015年6-11月在北京、哈尔滨、西安、上海、南京、武汉、广州、福州、昆明9个城市开展的儿童体格发育调查，共调查26 480名3~7岁健康儿童。采用基于偏度、位置和变异的曲线平滑方法建立性别、年龄别腰围百分位数曲线。将获得的3~7岁儿童腰围P(75)和P(90)与已发表的中国7~18岁儿童青少年腰围界值点（P(75)和P(90)）进行对接验证。将本研究腰围P(50)与国外相关研究数据进行比较分析。 结果： 获得3~7岁男、女童每半岁间隔的腰围P(5)、P(10)、P(15)、P(20)、P(25)、P(50)、P(75)、P(80)、P(85)、P(90)和P(95)参照值。腰围值随年龄增长呈明显上升趋势，男童P(50)从3岁的47.5 cm增长到7岁的54.2 cm、女童从3岁的47.0 cm增长到7岁的52.2 cm。各年龄组男童腰围的各百分位数值均略高于女童，差值波动范围0.4~3.6 cm。3~7岁男、女童腰围在不同百分位数上实测值与拟合值的差值波动范围-0.3~0.5 cm。9个城市男、女童3~7岁腰围P(75)和P(90)数值与中国7~18岁儿童青少年腰围界值点（P(75)和P(90)）在年龄上能实现较好的对接。中国3~7岁儿童腰围数值与国外相关研究的比较显示，随年龄增长腰围增加的趋势一致，但我国男童处于中等水平、女童处于中等偏低水平。 结论： 本研究建立了我国3~7岁儿童的腰围百分位数参照值，并实现与7~18岁儿童青少年腰围参照值的良好衔接，可供相关临床、预防保健及科研工作等参照使用。.
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To develop waist circumference (WC) centile curves for UK South Asian children, to make comparisons with published centiles for British, indigenous Indian and Pakistani children, as well as to make anthropometric comparisons with their UK white peers.Cross-sectional study.School-aged children from London boroughs (main measures: 2004-2007).1562 (652 boys, 910 girls) UK South Asian and 1120 (588 boys, 532 girls) UK white children aged 4.0-13.9 years.WC, height, weight and body mass index (BMI).The outcome measures were smoothed WC centile curves, constructed using the LMS (L = skewness, M = median, S = coefficient of variation) method. SD scores (SDS) were generated using UK90 and British (WC) growth references.WC increased with age for both sexes, rising more steeply at the upper centiles after the age of 6 years. Overall, UK South Asian children, similar to indigenous South Asian populations, had higher WC values than the British WC references. However, compared with their UK white peers, UK South Asian children had significantly (p<0.001) lower mean WC (UK white SDS=0.74 and SDS=0.64 vs UK South Asian SDS=0.32 and SDS=0.21 for boys and girls, respectively). Obesity prevalence was greater using WC than BMI for both ethnicities. At the 90th centile, for UK South Asian children, prevalence was 21.5% vs 24.4% for boys and 17% vs 24.5% for girls based on BMI and WC, respectively.These curves represent the first WC centiles for UK South Asian children up to the age of 14 years. With a continued rise in childhood obesity, they provide a useful historical control for future comparisons.
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The aim of this study was to develop age- and sex-specific reference values for waist circumference (WC) based on a sample of 2015 primary school children (i.e. 979 boys and 1036 girls aged 9-12 years) who were randomly selected from 19 primary schools in Makurdi, Benue State of Nigeria. Waist and hip circumferences were measured with a flexible anthropometric tape according to the protocol of the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Mean WC was higher in girls than in boys, and these differences were statistically significant from age 10 onwards. Similarly, hip circumference was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in girls than in boys at all ages. Whereas waist and hip circumferences increased with age in both sexes, the increase was relatively greater for hip circumference. Generally, waist-related percentiles values increased with age in boys and girls, but girls had higher values than boys in most of the age-specific percentiles. WC showed significantly higher (p < 0.0001) values in girls than in boys at ages 10-12 years, and this increased with age in both categories. The reference data obtained in this study can be used to identify children with high risk of developing obesity-related disorders and form the basis for future research studies.
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Waist circumference percentile in children from municipalities of developed and developing countries
Aims: to design reference percentile curves of waist circumference (WC) in children aged 6-10 from municipalities of developed (Portugal) and developing (Brazil) countries and to compare these results with other international references. Methods: this cross-sectional study enrolled a 6-10-year-old probability sampling. Univariate analysis of covariance adjusted by height was carried out to test the main effects of age, sex, countries, and interactions. WC percentile curves were performed with the LMS Chart Maker. Results: The sample comprised 6,475 children. Portuguese children presented a curvilinear increase in WC curves and Brazilian WC curves have shown a linear increase with age both for boys and girls. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 15.9 % and 4.7 % for Portuguese children and 12.9 % 4.5% for Brazilian children, respectively. There was a main effect (p<0.0001) for age and countries, and an interaction effect for sex*age (p=0.001) and countries*age (p<0.0001). Portuguese boys and girls have shown higher values for the 50th, 75th, and 95th percentiles than Brazilian boys and girls. Conclusions: WC reference percentile curves were drawn for 6-10-year-old Portuguese and Brazilian children. Portuguese children have higher WC values than Brazilian children and other children from developed countries.
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To study the development of waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) in children and adolescents in Shandong province, and to provide scientific data for developing related reference values for screening central obesity in Chinese children and adolescents.Using data from 'Student physical fitness and health surveillance 2010 project' in Shandong province, a total of 42 275 students aged 7 - 18 years were selected to participate in this study. WC, HC, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and wrist-to-stature ratio (WSR) of subjects were measured. Comparison of data from the current study and other similar studies was made.The mean values of WC increased with age, and boys all significantly higher than girls in all age categories (P < 0.01). There were two crosses on gender regarding the HC curves: before the age of 11 years, with mean HC higher in boys than in girls, but girls were higher than boys between the age of 12 to 14 while boys were also higher than girls after the age of 15 years. The 50(th) percentiles (P(50)) of WC of children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years in Shandong appeared above the figures by 1.3 - 3.1 cm (boys) and 1.2 - 2.0 cm (girls) from 15 provinces in China as well as above the data from Hong Kong by 1.9 - 5.4 cm (boys) and 2.0 - 6.5 cm (girls), respectively. Overall, 20.20% of the boys and 16.57% of the girls had a WC of ≥ 90(th) percentile and 15.73% and 7.38% of the boys and girls had a WHtR of ≥ 0.5 which both showed significant differences between genders (P < 0.01).Children and adolescents from Shandong province had a high level of WC.
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The aim of the study was to develop waist circumference (WC) percentiles in Polish children and youth and to compare these with the results obtained in other countries. The study comprised a random group of 5663 Polish children aged 7-18 years. Smoothed WC percentile curves were computed using the LMS method. The curves displaying the values of the 50th (WC(50)) and the 90th (WC(90)) percentile were then compared with the results of similar studies carried out in children from the UK, Spain, Germany, Turkey, Cyprus, Canada and the USA. WC increased with age in both boys and girls and in all observed age periods the boys were seen to dominate. For 18-year-old Polish boys and girls the values of WC(90) were 86.5 and 78.2, respectively, and were lower than the current criteria developed by the International Diabetes Federation. Both WC(50) and WC(90) were higher in Polish boys and girls compared with their counterparts in the UK, Turkey and Canada and significantly lower than in children from the USA, Cyprus and Spain. The percentile curves for Polish children and youth, which were developed here for the first time, are base curves that can be applied in analysing trends as well as making comparisons with results of similar studies performed in other countries.
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To observe change in waist circumference (WC) over 3 years in children and adolescents and to compare these data with local and international references.The data of the second study determining the anthropometric measurements of Turkish children and adolescents (DAMTCA-II) were used to calculate WC percentiles. A total of 4234 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years (1890 boys and 2344 girls) were enrolled. The 3rd, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th and 97th percentiles and z-scores were computed by the LMS Method.The mean WC was significantly higher in boys than in girls in 12.5, 13 and 15-17 year old children (p < 0.001). The prevalence of central obesity (WC ≥ 90th percentile) was 13.5% (14.3% in boys and 12.9% in girls, respectively). There was no significant difference in prevalence of abdominal obesity, between each gender (p = 0.179) and age group from 6-17 years (p = 0.590). In a comparison with the available contemporary international references, the 50th percentiles of these references were similar to those in Bulgaria, but markedly higher than those of Malaysian children and of Chinese children living in Hong Kong.The prominent finding of this study was the significant increase in WC percentiles in a short time in both genders. In addition, the WC references are similar to other regional references, but significantly higher than those of East Asia.
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