Sedating property of Ethanolic root extract of Carpolobia lutea in swiss white mice
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Abstract:
Carpolobia lutea (C. lutea) is widely used as an alternative medication for varying health disorders. The present study investigated the effect of the ethanolic root extract of this plant, C. lutea on locomotor and exploratory behavior in male Swiss white mice using the open field maze, and light-dark transition box. 30 Male Swiss white mice made up of 10 per group were used for the study. Group 1 was the control group, and was administered 0.9% normal saline. Groups 2 and 3 were administered 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg ethanolic root extract of C. lutea respectively. Administration was via oral gavage, 5 minutes before introduction into the experimental mazes. The number of line crosses, frequency of rearing, walling activity, and central square entries following drug administration, was dose dependently decreased (p < 0.001) compared with the untreated group. There was also a corresponding increased (p < 0.001) frequency, and duration of freezing behaviour in the extract treated groups. These indices imply that root extract of Carpolobia lutea reduces locomotor and exploratory behaviour; a possibility that C. lutea possesses a sedating property, thus reducing the activity of the amygdala with a consequent calming effect.Keywords:
White (mutation)
Objective: Anxiety is classified as a form of sub-acute or chronic fear. Root of Acorus calamus has been traditionally used as an anxiolytic. The aim of the study is to assess the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of A. calamus (EEAC) by elevated plus-maze test on Albino mice.
Methods: Albino mice of either sex were taken and divided into five groups, each consisting of 5 mice. One group was used as control, one as standard (diazepam), and three as test groups treated with 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of EEAC. The drugs, that is, 10 ml/kg of normal saline for control, diazepam 2 mg/kg (standard), and 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg EEAC (test groups) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), 30 min before placing them in the center of the maze. The preferences of the animal to open/enclosed arm, average time spent in open arm, and numbers of entries in open arm were compared in each group. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple Dunnett’s test.
Results: The number of entries in open arm and the average time spent in the open arm by the mice is increased by EEAC in a dose-dependent manner.
Conclusion: EEAC has anxiolytic activity.
Elevated plus maze
Acorus calamus
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Neems has been known as an anti-fertility effect, both in male and female mammals. This research was performed to find out the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of A. indica on the testes structure that indicated by testicular weight, diameter, and thickness of germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules. Twenty Swiss Webster male mice were used, and they were divided into two groups (K and P) of ten in replicates. The mice in the K group served as a control group treated with drinking water; while mice in the P group treated with 14 mg/animal/day of ethanolic Neem leaf extract. Treatment was administered orally for 21 days. The mice were sacrificed at 22nd day under chloroform anesthesia. Testes were isolated, weighted and processed with paraffin method continued with HE staining. Diameter and thickness of germinal epithelium of semeniferous tubules were measured on five tubules in every slide of testes. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) continued by DMRT. Our result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between treated and control group on diameter and thickness of germinal epithelium. In conclusion, spermatogenesis in mice was disrupted by ethanolic of Neem leaf extract.
Germinal epithelium
Azadirachta
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Melilotus
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3 Abstract: The powdered roots of Derris brevipes variety coriacea and its ethanolic extract were screened for antifertility activity in proven fertile female rats at 200 and 600 mg/kg body weight, respectively following an oral dose on day 1 to 7 of pregnancy. Both doses of the root powder of Derris brevipes variety coriacea showed 50% anti-implantation activity and the number of litters born were reduced significantly. The ethanolic extract exhibited 40% anti-implantation activity, when given orally at 600mg/kg body weight. The rats, which continued their pregnancy, did not deliver any litters after their full term. Hence, the combined antifertility (anti-implantation and abortifacient) activity of the ethanolic extract was 100%. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract possesses more abortifacient type effect than the anti-implantation activity. The ethanolic extract also exhibited weak estrogenic activity when given alone when tested in immature ovariectomised female albino rats. But, when given along with ethinyl estradiol, it exhibited slight antiestrogenic activity. Histological and biochemical estimations confirmed this activity.
Abortifacient
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Epilepsy is characterised by abnormal behaviour which is leading to tonic flexon, tonic extension, clonus and stupor. Many novel therapeutic regimens were used to treat these disorders through different ways including altering neurotransmission, but so far there is no specific treatment approach which is satisfactory to the patients in terms of complete cure. Our approach is to make understand the herbal medicines usage towards epilepsy. The ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena Serrata at 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg were given to albino mice which were treated with maximum electric shock of 30mA current and pentelene tetrazolium in two different techniques. The results with these extract doses showed significant results which indicated decrease in clonic extension and stupor. Whereas there is no decrease in the tonic flexon observed with all doses. All these results were compared with the standard drug Phenytoin at 25mg/kg I.P. However, the ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena Serrata at 600mg/kg showed marked increase in the therapeutic activity which is equivalent to Phenytoin and can be compared. Apart from these the ethanolic plant extract of Gomphrena Serrata at 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg and 800mg/kg showed significant decrease in the recovery times when compared to control group.
Clonus
Stupor
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In spite of the folkloric use of the root of Carpolobia lutea as sexual stimulant in man, there is no scientific prove of its efficacy. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of methanol extract of Carpolobia lutea root (MECL) on sexual activity of male rabbits. Twenty adult male rabbits (1.5‐2.0kg) divided into four equal groups were treated daily (orally) for 28days as follows; group1‐control (2 ml/kg 1% tween‐20), group2 (40 mg/kg MECL), group3 (80 mg/kg MECL) and group4 (0.5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate). The male rabbits were then cohabited with sexually receptive female at estrus and sexual activities of the male were recorded on days 0, 1, 3 and 5 using a digital camera mounted on the mating arena. Indices of sexual activities were determined. The male rabbits were sacrificed on day 29 and serum testosterone concentration was measured by ELISA technique. Homogenates of the corpora cavernosa were also obtained for determination of nitric oxide concentration. The Carpolobia lutea extract significantly increased mount frequency, intromission frequency and ejaculatory latency, while it reduced mount latency, intromission latency and post ejaculatory latency (similar to sildenafil citrate) when compared with the control. The extract also caused a significant increase in nitric oxide concentration in corpora cavernosa but no change in serum testosterone concentration. The results suggest that the methanol extract of Carpolobia lutea root improves male sexual activity via an increase in nitric oxide concentration which may be useful in certain forms of sexual inadequacies such as premature ejaculation and impaired libido. The study thus provides scientific rationale for the traditional use of Carpolobia lutea in the management of penile erectile dysfunction.
Aphrodisiac
Ejaculation
Adult male
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Objective: Anxiety is classified as a form of sub-acute or chronic fear. Root of Acorus calamus has been traditionally used as an anxiolytic. The aim of the study is to assess the anxiolytic activity of ethanolic extract of the root of Acorus calamus (EEAC) by Mirrored Chamber Test on Albino mice. Methods: Albino mice of either sex were taken and divided into five groups, each consisting of 5 mice. One group was used as control, one as standard (Diazepam) and three as test groups treated with 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg of EEAC. The drugs i.e., 10 ml/kg of Normal saline for control, Diazepam 2 mg/kg (standard) and 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg EEAC (test groups) were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.), 30 mins before placing them in the center of the mirrored chamber. Latency to enter the chamber, number of entries in five minutes and total time spent in the chamber during 5 minutes test period were compared in each group. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple Dunnett’s test. Results: EEAC showed significant increase in all the parameters for the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: EEAC has anxiolytic activity.
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