Fate and Translocation of (Nano)Particulate Matter in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Andreas FreyKatrin RamakerNiels RöckendorfBarbara WollenbergIngmar LautenschlägerGabriella GébelArtur GiemsaMarkus HeineDenise BargheerPeter F. Nielsen
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This chapter provides information on the various abiotic and biotic factors impacting the colonization, development and establishment of Diaphorina citri through effects on its biology, ecology and management. These abiotic factors, such as temperature, humidity, light and rain, not only have direct impact on D. citri and the biotic drivers of its populations, but also play a very important role indirectly through effects on the host plants, which then affects both the pest and its natural enemies.
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The biotic and the abiotic factors influencing the tritrophic relations between the mulberry, the mealy bug and its entomophages were studied to enhance the efficacy of integrated pest management technique against the pest. The biotic and the abiotic factors heavily influenced the tritrophic relations. The temperature showed positive correlation with the mealy bug infestation and its population while the relative humidity, rainfall and rainy days showed a negative correlation. The seasonal activity of the entomophages coincided with the activity of the mealy bugs. The entomophages population is significantly positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with rainfall, rainy days and humidity. The major biotic factors affecting the relations are the presence of four types of ants. The average number of mealy bug population was comparatively higher in ant attended colonies (61.22) than unattended ones (49.22). The population of predatory fauna decreased significantly (1.0) on ants association compared to the mealy bug infested shoots free from the ants (4.78) which indicates the deterring potentiality of the attendant ants on predators. Results revealed that the abiotic factors should be considered before the release of bio control agents, the movement of ants should be restricted and generalized predator should be encouraged.
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Abstract For bears, numerous associations between biotic and abiotic factors have been reported to correlate with the timing of den entry and emergence; however, an analysis showing which factors influence the timing of den entry and emergence has not been performed enough. In this study, a generalized linear mixed model was generated using 66 entry dates for 26 females and 40 entry dates for 26 males, and 56 emergence dates for 26 females and 25 emergence dates for 18 males between 1999 and 2012. Regarding factors for den entry, the average temperature in November and mast production of Mongolian oaks were significant for both males and females. For the date of den emergence, the average temperature in March affected strongly. For males, good mast production of Mongolian oaks in the previous year was found to be associated with early den emergence. For females, the presence of newborns had a significant influence on their den entry and emergence. This study indicated that denning behavior appears to be regulated by several abiotic and biotic factors and regulation factors are sex specific.
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Abstract Seagrass‐associated macroinvertebrates (epifauna) play important roles as mediators between primary producers and higher consumers in seagrass beds. However, many aspects of the variation in the epifaunal community in seagrass beds remain to be investigated. In this study, we examined how the epifaunal community structure varied seasonally and spatially with abiotic and biotic factors in an eelgrass bed of Akkeshi, northeastern Japan. We predict that abiotic factors are more definitive of the variation in the epifaunal community than biotic factors when the eelgrass bed is less productive in early spring and late autumn, whereas biotic factors including macro‐epibiotic organisms (epiphytic macroalgae and sessile animals on eelgrass blades) are more influential when the eelgrass bed is more productive from late spring to early autumn. The epifaunal community composition varied greatly with season, and its spatial variation was correlated with different sets of abiotic and biotic factors in different seasons. Epibiotic organisms, in addition to other abiotic and biotic factors, explained some of the variation, especially in the productive summer seasons, despite the relatively low biomass of epibiotic organisms compared to that of eelgrass and epiphytic microalgae. Inconsistent with our prediction, abiotic factors were more definitive of the spatial patterns of the epifaunal communities from spring to summer when the productivity of the eelgrass bed was increasing, whereas biotic factors were found to be more important in the autumn when the productivity declined. Our result highlights the importance of epibiotic organisms on eelgrass blades to the epifaunal community, which was underappreciated in previous studies.
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